Deer on the lookout: how hunting, hiking and coyotes affect white‐tailed deer vigilance

• Published in: Journal of Zoology
• Main Authors: Schuttler, S. G., Parsons, A. W., Forrester, T. D., Baker, M. C., McShea, W. J., Costello, R., Kays, R.
• Other Authors: National Science Foundation, U.S. Forest Service, Smithsonian Institution
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Wiley 2016
• Subjects: Canis lupus
• Online Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12416; https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fjzo.12416; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jzo.12416; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1111/jzo.12416; https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/am-pdf/10.1111/jzo.12416; https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jzo.12416

Abstract Predators affect prey directly by removing animals from the population and indirectly by modifying prey behavior. Humans have extirpated apex predators from many ecosystems, and the extent to which smaller predators, or humans themselves, can ecologically replace apex predators remains unce...