Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota: past, present and future
ABSTRACT Aim To investigate the major paradigms of intense isolation and little anthropogenic influence around Antarctica and to examine the timings and scales of the modification of the southern polar biota. Location Antarctica and surrounding regions. Methods First, mechanisms of and evidence for...
Published in: | Global Ecology and Biogeography |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Wiley
2006
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2006.00216.x https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1466-822X.2006.00216.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2006.00216.x |
id |
crwiley:10.1111/j.1466-822x.2006.00216.x |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
crwiley:10.1111/j.1466-822x.2006.00216.x 2024-09-09T19:08:43+00:00 Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota: past, present and future Barnes, D. K. A. Hodgson, D. A. Convey, P. Allen, C. S. Clarke, A. 2006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2006.00216.x https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1466-822X.2006.00216.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2006.00216.x en eng Wiley http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor Global Ecology and Biogeography volume 15, issue 2, page 121-142 ISSN 1466-822X 1466-8238 journal-article 2006 crwiley https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2006.00216.x 2024-06-20T04:23:04Z ABSTRACT Aim To investigate the major paradigms of intense isolation and little anthropogenic influence around Antarctica and to examine the timings and scales of the modification of the southern polar biota. Location Antarctica and surrounding regions. Methods First, mechanisms of and evidence for long‐term isolation are reviewed. These include continental drift, the development of a surrounding deep‐water channel and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). They also include levels of endemism, richness and distinctiveness of assemblages. Secondly, evidence for past and modern opportunities for species transport are investigated. Comparative levels of alien establishments are also examined around the Southern Ocean. Discussion On a Cenozoic time‐scale, it is clear that Gondwana's fragmentation led to increasing geographical isolation of Antarctica and the initiation of the ACC, which restricted biota exchange to low levels while still permitting some movement of biota. On a shorter Quaternary time‐scale, the continental ice‐sheet, influenced by solar (Milankovitch) cycles, has expanded and contracted periodically, covering and exposing terrestrial and continental shelf habitats. There were probably refugia for organisms during each glacial maxima. It is also likely that new taxa were introduced into Antarctica during cycles of ice sheet and oceanic front movement. The current situation (a glacial minimum) is not ‘normal’; full interglacials represent only 10% of the last 430 ka. On short (ecological) time‐scales, many natural dispersal processes (airborne, oceanic eddy, rafting and hitch‐hiking on migrants) enable the passage of biota to and from Antarctica. In recent years, humans have become influential both directly by transporting organisms and indirectly by increasing survival and establishment prospects via climate change. Main conclusions Patterns of endemism and alien establishment are very different across taxa, land and sea, and north vs. south of the Polar Frontal Zone. Establishment conditions, as ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Ice Sheet Southern Ocean Wiley Online Library Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic Global Ecology and Biogeography 15 2 121 142 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Wiley Online Library |
op_collection_id |
crwiley |
language |
English |
description |
ABSTRACT Aim To investigate the major paradigms of intense isolation and little anthropogenic influence around Antarctica and to examine the timings and scales of the modification of the southern polar biota. Location Antarctica and surrounding regions. Methods First, mechanisms of and evidence for long‐term isolation are reviewed. These include continental drift, the development of a surrounding deep‐water channel and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). They also include levels of endemism, richness and distinctiveness of assemblages. Secondly, evidence for past and modern opportunities for species transport are investigated. Comparative levels of alien establishments are also examined around the Southern Ocean. Discussion On a Cenozoic time‐scale, it is clear that Gondwana's fragmentation led to increasing geographical isolation of Antarctica and the initiation of the ACC, which restricted biota exchange to low levels while still permitting some movement of biota. On a shorter Quaternary time‐scale, the continental ice‐sheet, influenced by solar (Milankovitch) cycles, has expanded and contracted periodically, covering and exposing terrestrial and continental shelf habitats. There were probably refugia for organisms during each glacial maxima. It is also likely that new taxa were introduced into Antarctica during cycles of ice sheet and oceanic front movement. The current situation (a glacial minimum) is not ‘normal’; full interglacials represent only 10% of the last 430 ka. On short (ecological) time‐scales, many natural dispersal processes (airborne, oceanic eddy, rafting and hitch‐hiking on migrants) enable the passage of biota to and from Antarctica. In recent years, humans have become influential both directly by transporting organisms and indirectly by increasing survival and establishment prospects via climate change. Main conclusions Patterns of endemism and alien establishment are very different across taxa, land and sea, and north vs. south of the Polar Frontal Zone. Establishment conditions, as ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Barnes, D. K. A. Hodgson, D. A. Convey, P. Allen, C. S. Clarke, A. |
spellingShingle |
Barnes, D. K. A. Hodgson, D. A. Convey, P. Allen, C. S. Clarke, A. Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota: past, present and future |
author_facet |
Barnes, D. K. A. Hodgson, D. A. Convey, P. Allen, C. S. Clarke, A. |
author_sort |
Barnes, D. K. A. |
title |
Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota: past, present and future |
title_short |
Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota: past, present and future |
title_full |
Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota: past, present and future |
title_fullStr |
Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota: past, present and future |
title_full_unstemmed |
Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota: past, present and future |
title_sort |
incursion and excursion of antarctic biota: past, present and future |
publisher |
Wiley |
publishDate |
2006 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2006.00216.x https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1466-822X.2006.00216.x https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2006.00216.x |
geographic |
Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Ice Sheet Southern Ocean |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Ice Sheet Southern Ocean |
op_source |
Global Ecology and Biogeography volume 15, issue 2, page 121-142 ISSN 1466-822X 1466-8238 |
op_rights |
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2006.00216.x |
container_title |
Global Ecology and Biogeography |
container_volume |
15 |
container_issue |
2 |
container_start_page |
121 |
op_container_end_page |
142 |
_version_ |
1809822968562319360 |