Influence of ecotourism on grizzly bear activity depends on salmon abundance in the Atnarko River corridor, Nuxalk Territory
Abstract Ecotourism management can draw on theory and data related to non‐consumptive effects of risk on wildlife. The asset protection principle (APP) predicts that variable food supply and its associated risks will affect antipredator behavior; responses to predation risk should dominate when food...
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crwiley:10.1111/csp2.13097 2024-06-02T08:15:36+00:00 Influence of ecotourism on grizzly bear activity depends on salmon abundance in the Atnarko River corridor, Nuxalk Territory Field, Kate A. Short, Monica L. Moody, Jason E. Artelle, Kyle A. Bourbonnais, Mathieu L. Paquet, Paul C. Darimont, Chris T. Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Raincoast Conservation Foundation Wilburforce Foundation 2024 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/csp2.13097 en eng Wiley http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Conservation Science and Practice volume 6, issue 4 ISSN 2578-4854 2578-4854 journal-article 2024 crwiley https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.13097 2024-05-03T11:55:03Z Abstract Ecotourism management can draw on theory and data related to non‐consumptive effects of risk on wildlife. The asset protection principle (APP) predicts that variable food supply and its associated risks will affect antipredator behavior; responses to predation risk should dominate when food reserves are high, while nutritional risk becomes more important when food reserves are limited. Additionally, the human shield hypothesis (HSH) describes how some individuals might seek human presence if it repels potential sources of risk. Using camera traps, we used generalized linear mixed effects and multinomial regression models to test components of the APP and HSH where ecotourism co‐occurs with grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos ) foraging during hyperphagia. When salmon abundance was high (+1 SD), bear activity (weekly detections) decreased by 13% with every 100 visitors/week. Under low salmon conditions, bear activity increased with visitor numbers, creating ‘high bear‐high visitor’ conditions. Consistent with HSH, detection data revealed an increased likelihood of detecting subordinate age‐sex classes compared with adult males when visitor numbers were high. Our findings suggest that when salmon are low, managers might consider limiting visitors to mitigate disturbance. More broadly, understanding how wildlife allocate anti‐predator behavior as a function of risk and food can inform conservation science and practice. Article in Journal/Newspaper Ursus arctos Wiley Online Library Conservation Science and Practice 6 4 |
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Abstract Ecotourism management can draw on theory and data related to non‐consumptive effects of risk on wildlife. The asset protection principle (APP) predicts that variable food supply and its associated risks will affect antipredator behavior; responses to predation risk should dominate when food reserves are high, while nutritional risk becomes more important when food reserves are limited. Additionally, the human shield hypothesis (HSH) describes how some individuals might seek human presence if it repels potential sources of risk. Using camera traps, we used generalized linear mixed effects and multinomial regression models to test components of the APP and HSH where ecotourism co‐occurs with grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos ) foraging during hyperphagia. When salmon abundance was high (+1 SD), bear activity (weekly detections) decreased by 13% with every 100 visitors/week. Under low salmon conditions, bear activity increased with visitor numbers, creating ‘high bear‐high visitor’ conditions. Consistent with HSH, detection data revealed an increased likelihood of detecting subordinate age‐sex classes compared with adult males when visitor numbers were high. Our findings suggest that when salmon are low, managers might consider limiting visitors to mitigate disturbance. More broadly, understanding how wildlife allocate anti‐predator behavior as a function of risk and food can inform conservation science and practice. |
author2 |
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Raincoast Conservation Foundation Wilburforce Foundation |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Field, Kate A. Short, Monica L. Moody, Jason E. Artelle, Kyle A. Bourbonnais, Mathieu L. Paquet, Paul C. Darimont, Chris T. |
spellingShingle |
Field, Kate A. Short, Monica L. Moody, Jason E. Artelle, Kyle A. Bourbonnais, Mathieu L. Paquet, Paul C. Darimont, Chris T. Influence of ecotourism on grizzly bear activity depends on salmon abundance in the Atnarko River corridor, Nuxalk Territory |
author_facet |
Field, Kate A. Short, Monica L. Moody, Jason E. Artelle, Kyle A. Bourbonnais, Mathieu L. Paquet, Paul C. Darimont, Chris T. |
author_sort |
Field, Kate A. |
title |
Influence of ecotourism on grizzly bear activity depends on salmon abundance in the Atnarko River corridor, Nuxalk Territory |
title_short |
Influence of ecotourism on grizzly bear activity depends on salmon abundance in the Atnarko River corridor, Nuxalk Territory |
title_full |
Influence of ecotourism on grizzly bear activity depends on salmon abundance in the Atnarko River corridor, Nuxalk Territory |
title_fullStr |
Influence of ecotourism on grizzly bear activity depends on salmon abundance in the Atnarko River corridor, Nuxalk Territory |
title_full_unstemmed |
Influence of ecotourism on grizzly bear activity depends on salmon abundance in the Atnarko River corridor, Nuxalk Territory |
title_sort |
influence of ecotourism on grizzly bear activity depends on salmon abundance in the atnarko river corridor, nuxalk territory |
publisher |
Wiley |
publishDate |
2024 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/csp2.13097 |
genre |
Ursus arctos |
genre_facet |
Ursus arctos |
op_source |
Conservation Science and Practice volume 6, issue 4 ISSN 2578-4854 2578-4854 |
op_rights |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.13097 |
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Conservation Science and Practice |
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6 |
container_issue |
4 |
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1800739844607967232 |