A Simplified Method to Distinguish Farmed ( Salmo salar) from Wild Salmon: Fatty Acid Ratios Versus Astaxanthin Chiral Isomers
Abstract Mislabeling of farmed and wild salmon sold in markets has been reported. Since the fatty acid content of fish may influence human health and thus consumer behavior, a simplified method to identify wild and farmed salmon is necessary. Several studies have demonstrated differences in lipid pr...
Published in: | Lipids |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Wiley
2009
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-009-3294-6 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1007/s11745-009-3294-6 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1007/s11745-009-3294-6 |
id |
crwiley:10.1007/s11745-009-3294-6 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
crwiley:10.1007/s11745-009-3294-6 2024-06-23T07:56:30+00:00 A Simplified Method to Distinguish Farmed ( Salmo salar) from Wild Salmon: Fatty Acid Ratios Versus Astaxanthin Chiral Isomers Megdal, Peter Andrew Craft, Neal A. Handelman, Garry J. 2009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-009-3294-6 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1007/s11745-009-3294-6 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1007/s11745-009-3294-6 en eng Wiley http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor Lipids volume 44, issue 6, page 569-576 ISSN 0024-4201 1558-9307 journal-article 2009 crwiley https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-009-3294-6 2024-06-06T04:20:32Z Abstract Mislabeling of farmed and wild salmon sold in markets has been reported. Since the fatty acid content of fish may influence human health and thus consumer behavior, a simplified method to identify wild and farmed salmon is necessary. Several studies have demonstrated differences in lipid profiles between farmed and wild salmon but no data exists validating these differences with government‐approved methods to accurately identify the origin of these fish. Current methods are both expensive and complicated, using highly specialized equipment not commonly available. Therefore, we developed a testing protocol using gas chromatography (GC), to determine the origin of salmon using fatty acid profiles. We also compared the GC method with the currently approved FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) technique that uses analysis of carotenoid optical isomers and found 100% agreement. Statistical validation ( n = 30) was obtained showing elevated 18:2n‐6 ( z = 4.56; P = 0.0001) and decreased 20:1n‐9 ( z = 1.79; P = 0.07) in farmed samples. The method is suitable for wide adaptation because fatty acid methyl ester analysis is a well‐established procedure in labs that conduct analysis of lipid composition and food constituents. GC analysis for determining the origin of North American salmon compared favorably with the astaxanthin isomer technique used by the FDA and showed that the fatty acid 18:2n‐6 was the key indicator associated with the origin of these salmon. Article in Journal/Newspaper Salmo salar Wiley Online Library Lipids 44 6 569 576 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Wiley Online Library |
op_collection_id |
crwiley |
language |
English |
description |
Abstract Mislabeling of farmed and wild salmon sold in markets has been reported. Since the fatty acid content of fish may influence human health and thus consumer behavior, a simplified method to identify wild and farmed salmon is necessary. Several studies have demonstrated differences in lipid profiles between farmed and wild salmon but no data exists validating these differences with government‐approved methods to accurately identify the origin of these fish. Current methods are both expensive and complicated, using highly specialized equipment not commonly available. Therefore, we developed a testing protocol using gas chromatography (GC), to determine the origin of salmon using fatty acid profiles. We also compared the GC method with the currently approved FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) technique that uses analysis of carotenoid optical isomers and found 100% agreement. Statistical validation ( n = 30) was obtained showing elevated 18:2n‐6 ( z = 4.56; P = 0.0001) and decreased 20:1n‐9 ( z = 1.79; P = 0.07) in farmed samples. The method is suitable for wide adaptation because fatty acid methyl ester analysis is a well‐established procedure in labs that conduct analysis of lipid composition and food constituents. GC analysis for determining the origin of North American salmon compared favorably with the astaxanthin isomer technique used by the FDA and showed that the fatty acid 18:2n‐6 was the key indicator associated with the origin of these salmon. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Megdal, Peter Andrew Craft, Neal A. Handelman, Garry J. |
spellingShingle |
Megdal, Peter Andrew Craft, Neal A. Handelman, Garry J. A Simplified Method to Distinguish Farmed ( Salmo salar) from Wild Salmon: Fatty Acid Ratios Versus Astaxanthin Chiral Isomers |
author_facet |
Megdal, Peter Andrew Craft, Neal A. Handelman, Garry J. |
author_sort |
Megdal, Peter Andrew |
title |
A Simplified Method to Distinguish Farmed ( Salmo salar) from Wild Salmon: Fatty Acid Ratios Versus Astaxanthin Chiral Isomers |
title_short |
A Simplified Method to Distinguish Farmed ( Salmo salar) from Wild Salmon: Fatty Acid Ratios Versus Astaxanthin Chiral Isomers |
title_full |
A Simplified Method to Distinguish Farmed ( Salmo salar) from Wild Salmon: Fatty Acid Ratios Versus Astaxanthin Chiral Isomers |
title_fullStr |
A Simplified Method to Distinguish Farmed ( Salmo salar) from Wild Salmon: Fatty Acid Ratios Versus Astaxanthin Chiral Isomers |
title_full_unstemmed |
A Simplified Method to Distinguish Farmed ( Salmo salar) from Wild Salmon: Fatty Acid Ratios Versus Astaxanthin Chiral Isomers |
title_sort |
simplified method to distinguish farmed ( salmo salar) from wild salmon: fatty acid ratios versus astaxanthin chiral isomers |
publisher |
Wiley |
publishDate |
2009 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-009-3294-6 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1007/s11745-009-3294-6 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1007/s11745-009-3294-6 |
genre |
Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Salmo salar |
op_source |
Lipids volume 44, issue 6, page 569-576 ISSN 0024-4201 1558-9307 |
op_rights |
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-009-3294-6 |
container_title |
Lipids |
container_volume |
44 |
container_issue |
6 |
container_start_page |
569 |
op_container_end_page |
576 |
_version_ |
1802649615305015296 |