Determination of C 0 –C 9 alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Rationale Produced water (PW) discharge from the oil and gas industry represents the largest intentional marine waste volume. Alkyl phenols (APs) are one of the main toxic component groups found in PW, with concentration of APs in discharged PW from the Norwegian Sector of the North Sea up to >16...
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crwiley:10.1002/rcm.8950 2024-06-02T08:03:13+00:00 Determination of C 0 –C 9 alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry Oppegård, Martin Hansen, Bjørn Henrik Sørensen, Lisbet 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8950 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/rcm.8950 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/rcm.8950 en eng Wiley http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry volume 34, issue 24 ISSN 0951-4198 1097-0231 journal-article 2020 crwiley https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8950 2024-05-03T10:47:57Z Rationale Produced water (PW) discharge from the oil and gas industry represents the largest intentional marine waste volume. Alkyl phenols (APs) are one of the main toxic component groups found in PW, with concentration of APs in discharged PW from the Norwegian Sector of the North Sea up to >16 mg/L. Several species of fish spawn in direct proximity to offshore production platforms and may be at risk of AP exposure. Therefore, a sensitive method to determine the potential for bioaccumulation of APs in fish eggs is needed. Methods Fish eggs were extracted using liquid–solid extraction followed by gel permeation chromatography cleanup. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Extraction and analytical conditions were optimized for analysis of phenol and 30 APs (C 1 –C 9 ) with different degrees of branching in the alkyl chain. The method was verified and applied to analyze the body residue of APs in PW‐exposed marine fish (Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua ) eggs. Results A comprehensive and sensitive method for the determination of C 0 –C 9 APs was developed. Detection limits were in the range 0.03–8 ng. Apart from a few compounds with poor recovery, the method generally provided reliable results with good precision (<15%). Conclusions We demonstrate the successful application of an optimized extraction method for APs in fish eggs and show first results of AP accumulation in cod embryos exposed to PW in the laboratory. Article in Journal/Newspaper atlantic cod Gadus morhua Wiley Online Library Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 34 24 |
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Wiley Online Library |
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language |
English |
description |
Rationale Produced water (PW) discharge from the oil and gas industry represents the largest intentional marine waste volume. Alkyl phenols (APs) are one of the main toxic component groups found in PW, with concentration of APs in discharged PW from the Norwegian Sector of the North Sea up to >16 mg/L. Several species of fish spawn in direct proximity to offshore production platforms and may be at risk of AP exposure. Therefore, a sensitive method to determine the potential for bioaccumulation of APs in fish eggs is needed. Methods Fish eggs were extracted using liquid–solid extraction followed by gel permeation chromatography cleanup. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Extraction and analytical conditions were optimized for analysis of phenol and 30 APs (C 1 –C 9 ) with different degrees of branching in the alkyl chain. The method was verified and applied to analyze the body residue of APs in PW‐exposed marine fish (Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua ) eggs. Results A comprehensive and sensitive method for the determination of C 0 –C 9 APs was developed. Detection limits were in the range 0.03–8 ng. Apart from a few compounds with poor recovery, the method generally provided reliable results with good precision (<15%). Conclusions We demonstrate the successful application of an optimized extraction method for APs in fish eggs and show first results of AP accumulation in cod embryos exposed to PW in the laboratory. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Oppegård, Martin Hansen, Bjørn Henrik Sørensen, Lisbet |
spellingShingle |
Oppegård, Martin Hansen, Bjørn Henrik Sørensen, Lisbet Determination of C 0 –C 9 alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry |
author_facet |
Oppegård, Martin Hansen, Bjørn Henrik Sørensen, Lisbet |
author_sort |
Oppegård, Martin |
title |
Determination of C 0 –C 9 alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry |
title_short |
Determination of C 0 –C 9 alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry |
title_full |
Determination of C 0 –C 9 alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry |
title_fullStr |
Determination of C 0 –C 9 alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry |
title_full_unstemmed |
Determination of C 0 –C 9 alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry |
title_sort |
determination of c 0 –c 9 alkyl phenols in produced‐water‐exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry |
publisher |
Wiley |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8950 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/rcm.8950 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/rcm.8950 |
genre |
atlantic cod Gadus morhua |
genre_facet |
atlantic cod Gadus morhua |
op_source |
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry volume 34, issue 24 ISSN 0951-4198 1097-0231 |
op_rights |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8950 |
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Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry |
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34 |
container_issue |
24 |
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1800747688130510848 |