Ice accretion and turbulence on North Atlantic air routes
Abstract Routine observations made in transport aircraft in January and July, 1955–57, are analysed to obtain the frequency of ice accretion in relation to air temperature and of turbulence in relation to wind speed and cloud. Comparative freedom from icing in the range 0° to – 3°C is attributed to...
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crwiley:10.1002/qj.49708737107 2024-06-02T08:11:24+00:00 Ice accretion and turbulence on North Atlantic air routes Crossley, A. F. 1961 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49708737107 https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fqj.49708737107 https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/qj.49708737107 en eng Wiley http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society volume 87, issue 371, page 55-64 ISSN 0035-9009 1477-870X journal-article 1961 crwiley https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49708737107 2024-05-03T11:08:39Z Abstract Routine observations made in transport aircraft in January and July, 1955–57, are analysed to obtain the frequency of ice accretion in relation to air temperature and of turbulence in relation to wind speed and cloud. Comparative freedom from icing in the range 0° to – 3°C is attributed to the effects of kinetic heating. In January the frequency attains a maximum of 43 per cent of occasions in cloud at – 4° to – 7°C; in July 20 per cent at – 4° to – 11°C. There is a secondary maximum in both months near the lowest temperatures at which icing is reported, which is attributed to flight through the upper parts of convection cloud. The frequency of icing in July is generally much less than at the same temperatures in January. Turbulence is reported on about 5 per cent of all occasions in January and on 2 per cent in July; in cloud the frequencies are 18 and 12 per cent respectively. The frequency of turbulence tends to increase with the wind speed. Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic Wiley Online Library Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 87 371 55 64 |
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Wiley Online Library |
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crwiley |
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English |
description |
Abstract Routine observations made in transport aircraft in January and July, 1955–57, are analysed to obtain the frequency of ice accretion in relation to air temperature and of turbulence in relation to wind speed and cloud. Comparative freedom from icing in the range 0° to – 3°C is attributed to the effects of kinetic heating. In January the frequency attains a maximum of 43 per cent of occasions in cloud at – 4° to – 7°C; in July 20 per cent at – 4° to – 11°C. There is a secondary maximum in both months near the lowest temperatures at which icing is reported, which is attributed to flight through the upper parts of convection cloud. The frequency of icing in July is generally much less than at the same temperatures in January. Turbulence is reported on about 5 per cent of all occasions in January and on 2 per cent in July; in cloud the frequencies are 18 and 12 per cent respectively. The frequency of turbulence tends to increase with the wind speed. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Crossley, A. F. |
spellingShingle |
Crossley, A. F. Ice accretion and turbulence on North Atlantic air routes |
author_facet |
Crossley, A. F. |
author_sort |
Crossley, A. F. |
title |
Ice accretion and turbulence on North Atlantic air routes |
title_short |
Ice accretion and turbulence on North Atlantic air routes |
title_full |
Ice accretion and turbulence on North Atlantic air routes |
title_fullStr |
Ice accretion and turbulence on North Atlantic air routes |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ice accretion and turbulence on North Atlantic air routes |
title_sort |
ice accretion and turbulence on north atlantic air routes |
publisher |
Wiley |
publishDate |
1961 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49708737107 https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fqj.49708737107 https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/qj.49708737107 |
genre |
North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic |
op_source |
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society volume 87, issue 371, page 55-64 ISSN 0035-9009 1477-870X |
op_rights |
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49708737107 |
container_title |
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |
container_volume |
87 |
container_issue |
371 |
container_start_page |
55 |
op_container_end_page |
64 |
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1800757531790802944 |