Ramalin‐Mediated Apoptosis Is Enhanced by Autophagy Inhibition in Human Breast Cancer Cells
Breast cancer, the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, is treated in various ways. Ramalin is a chemical compound derived from the Antarctic lichen Ramalina terebrata and is known to exhibit antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. However, its effect on breast cancer cells remain...
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crwiley:10.1002/ptr.5544 2024-06-23T07:47:34+00:00 Ramalin‐Mediated Apoptosis Is Enhanced by Autophagy Inhibition in Human Breast Cancer Cells Lee, Eunyoung Lee, Chung Gi Yim, Joung‐Han Lee, Hong‐Kum Pyo, Suhkneung Korea Polar Research Institute 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5544 https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fptr.5544 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ptr.5544 en eng Wiley http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor Phytotherapy Research volume 30, issue 3, page 426-438 ISSN 0951-418X 1099-1573 journal-article 2015 crwiley https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5544 2024-06-11T04:43:46Z Breast cancer, the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, is treated in various ways. Ramalin is a chemical compound derived from the Antarctic lichen Ramalina terebrata and is known to exhibit antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. However, its effect on breast cancer cells remains unknown. We examined the ability of ramalin to induce apoptosis and its mechanisms in MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 human breast cancer cell lines. Ramalin inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in both cell lines in a concentration‐dependent manner. By upregulating Bax and downregulating Bcl‐2, ramalin caused cytochrome c and apoptosis‐inducing factor to be released from the mitochondria into the cytosol, thus activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In addition, activated caspase‐8 and caspase‐9 were detected in both types of cells exposed to ramalin, whereas ramalin activated caspase‐3 only in the MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Ramalin treatment also increased the levels of LC3‐II and p62. Moreover, the inhibition of autophagy by 3‐methyladenine or Atg5 siRNA significantly enhanced ramalin‐induced apoptosis, which was accompanied by a decrease in Bcl‐2 levels and an increase in Bax levels. Therefore, autophagy appears to be activated as a protective mechanism against apoptosis in cancer cells exposed to ramalin. These findings suggest that ramalin is a potential anticancer agent for the treatment of patients with non‐invasive or invasive breast cancer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic Wiley Online Library Antarctic The Antarctic Phytotherapy Research 30 3 426 438 |
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Breast cancer, the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, is treated in various ways. Ramalin is a chemical compound derived from the Antarctic lichen Ramalina terebrata and is known to exhibit antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. However, its effect on breast cancer cells remains unknown. We examined the ability of ramalin to induce apoptosis and its mechanisms in MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 human breast cancer cell lines. Ramalin inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in both cell lines in a concentration‐dependent manner. By upregulating Bax and downregulating Bcl‐2, ramalin caused cytochrome c and apoptosis‐inducing factor to be released from the mitochondria into the cytosol, thus activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In addition, activated caspase‐8 and caspase‐9 were detected in both types of cells exposed to ramalin, whereas ramalin activated caspase‐3 only in the MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Ramalin treatment also increased the levels of LC3‐II and p62. Moreover, the inhibition of autophagy by 3‐methyladenine or Atg5 siRNA significantly enhanced ramalin‐induced apoptosis, which was accompanied by a decrease in Bcl‐2 levels and an increase in Bax levels. Therefore, autophagy appears to be activated as a protective mechanism against apoptosis in cancer cells exposed to ramalin. These findings suggest that ramalin is a potential anticancer agent for the treatment of patients with non‐invasive or invasive breast cancer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
author2 |
Korea Polar Research Institute |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Lee, Eunyoung Lee, Chung Gi Yim, Joung‐Han Lee, Hong‐Kum Pyo, Suhkneung |
spellingShingle |
Lee, Eunyoung Lee, Chung Gi Yim, Joung‐Han Lee, Hong‐Kum Pyo, Suhkneung Ramalin‐Mediated Apoptosis Is Enhanced by Autophagy Inhibition in Human Breast Cancer Cells |
author_facet |
Lee, Eunyoung Lee, Chung Gi Yim, Joung‐Han Lee, Hong‐Kum Pyo, Suhkneung |
author_sort |
Lee, Eunyoung |
title |
Ramalin‐Mediated Apoptosis Is Enhanced by Autophagy Inhibition in Human Breast Cancer Cells |
title_short |
Ramalin‐Mediated Apoptosis Is Enhanced by Autophagy Inhibition in Human Breast Cancer Cells |
title_full |
Ramalin‐Mediated Apoptosis Is Enhanced by Autophagy Inhibition in Human Breast Cancer Cells |
title_fullStr |
Ramalin‐Mediated Apoptosis Is Enhanced by Autophagy Inhibition in Human Breast Cancer Cells |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ramalin‐Mediated Apoptosis Is Enhanced by Autophagy Inhibition in Human Breast Cancer Cells |
title_sort |
ramalin‐mediated apoptosis is enhanced by autophagy inhibition in human breast cancer cells |
publisher |
Wiley |
publishDate |
2015 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5544 https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fptr.5544 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ptr.5544 |
geographic |
Antarctic The Antarctic |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic The Antarctic |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic |
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Antarc* Antarctic |
op_source |
Phytotherapy Research volume 30, issue 3, page 426-438 ISSN 0951-418X 1099-1573 |
op_rights |
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5544 |
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Phytotherapy Research |
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30 |
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3 |
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426 |
op_container_end_page |
438 |
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1802651693588938752 |