Effects of predator treatments, individual traits, and environment on moose survival in Alaska

• Published in: The Journal of Wildlife Management
• Main Authors: Keech, Mark A., Lindberg, Mark S., Boertje, Rodney D., Valkenburg, Patrick, Taras, Brian D., Boudreau, Toby A., Beckmen, Kimberlee B.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Wiley 2011
• Subjects: Alces alces; Canis lupus; Alaska
• Online Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.188; https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fjwmg.188; http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/jwmg.188/fullpdf

Abstract We studied moose ( Alces alces ) survival, physical condition, and abundance in a 3‐predator system in western Interior Alaska, USA, during 2001–2007. Our objective was to quantify the effects of predator treatments on moose population dynamics by investigating changes in survival while evaluating the contribution of potentially confounding covariates. In May 2003 and 2004, we reduced black bear ( Ursus americanus ) and brown bear ( U. arctos ) numbers by translocating bears ≥240 km from the study area. Aircraft‐assisted take reduced wolf ( Canis lupus ) numbers markedly in the study area during 2004–2007. We estimated black bears were reduced by approximately 96% by June 2004 and recovered to within 27% of untreated numbers by May 2007. Brown bears were reduced approximately 50% by June 2004. Late‐winter wolf numbers were reduced by 75% by 2005 and likely remained at these levels through 2007. In addition to predator treatments, moose hunting closures during 2004–2007 reduced harvests of male moose by 60% in the study area. Predator treatments resulted in increased calf survival rates during summer (primarily from reduced black bear predation) and autumn (primarily from reduced wolf predation). Predator treatments had little influence on survival of moose calves during winter; instead, calf survival was influenced by snow depth and possibly temperature. Increased survival of moose calves during summer and autumn combined with relatively constant winter survival in most years led to a corresponding increase in annual survival of calves following predator treatments. Nonpredation mortalities of calves increased following predator treatments; however, this increase provided little compensation to the decrease in predation mortalities resulting from treatments. Thus, predator‐induced calf mortality was primarily additive. Summer survival of moose calves was positively related to calf mass ( β > 0.07, SE = 0.073) during treated years and lower ( β = −0.82, SE = 0.247) for twins than singletons during all ...