Individual, ecological, and anthropogenic influences on activity budgets of long‐finned pilot whales

• Published in: Ecosphere
• Main Authors: Isojunno, S., Sadykova, D., DeRuiter, S., Curé, C., Visser, F., Thomas, L., Miller, P. J. O., Harris, C. M.
• Other Authors: Office of Naval Research
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Wiley 2017
• Subjects: Killer Whale; Killer whale
• Online Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2044; https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fecs2.2044; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ecs2.2044; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/ecs2.2044; http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/chorus/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fecs2.2044; https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ecs2.2044

Abstract Time allocation to different activities and habitats enables individuals to modulate their perceived risks and access to resources and can reveal important trade‐offs between fitness‐enhancing activities (e.g., feeding vs. social behavior). Species with long reproductive cycles and high parental investment, such as marine mammals, rely on such behavioral plasticity to cope with rapid environmental change, including anthropogenic stressors. We quantified activity budgets of free‐ranging long‐finned pilot whales in order to assess individual time trade‐offs between foraging and other behaviors in different individual and ecological contexts, and during experimental sound exposures. The experiments included 1–2 and 6–7 kH z naval sonar exposures (a potential anthropogenic stressor), playback of killer whale (a potential predator/competitor) vocalizations, and negative controls. We combined multiple time series data from digital acoustic recording tags ( DTAG ) as well as group‐level social behavior data from visual observations of tagged whales at the surface. The data were classified into near‐surface behaviors and dive types (using a hidden Markov model for dive transitions) and aggregated into time budgets. On average, individuals (N = 19) spent most of their time (69%) resting and transiting near surface, 21% in shallow dives (depth <40 m), and only 10% of their time in deep foraging dives, of which 65% reached a depth 10 m from the sea bottom. Individuals in the largest of three body size classes or accompanied by calves tended to spend more time foraging than others. Simultaneous tagging of pairs of individuals showed that up to 50% of the activity budget was synchronized between conspecifics with decreased synchrony during foraging periods. Individuals spent less time foraging when forming larger non‐vocal aggregations of individuals in late afternoons, and more time foraging when in the mid‐range of water depths (300–400 m) available in the study area (50–700 m). Individuals reduced foraging ...