Human‐directed attachment behavior in wolves suggests standing ancestral variation for human–dog attachment bonds
Abstract Domesticated animals are generally assumed to display increased sociability toward humans compared to their wild ancestors. Dogs ( Canis familiaris ) have a remarkable ability to form social relationships with humans, including lasting attachment, a bond based on emotional dependency. Since...
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crwiley:10.1002/ece3.9299 2024-10-13T14:06:34+00:00 Human‐directed attachment behavior in wolves suggests standing ancestral variation for human–dog attachment bonds Hansen Wheat, Christina Larsson, Linn Berner, Patricia Temrin, Hans 2022 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9299 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.9299 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/ece3.9299 en eng Wiley http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Ecology and Evolution volume 12, issue 9 ISSN 2045-7758 2045-7758 journal-article 2022 crwiley https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9299 2024-09-27T04:17:11Z Abstract Domesticated animals are generally assumed to display increased sociability toward humans compared to their wild ancestors. Dogs ( Canis familiaris ) have a remarkable ability to form social relationships with humans, including lasting attachment, a bond based on emotional dependency. Since it has been specifically suggested that the ability to form attachment with humans evolved post‐domestication in dogs, attempts to quantify attachment behavior in wolves ( Canis lupus ) have subsequently been performed. However, while these rare wolf studies do highlight the potential for wolves to express human‐directed attachment, the varied methods used and the contrasting results emphasize the need for further, standardized testing of wolves. Here, we used the standardized Strange Situation Test to investigate attachment behavior expressed in wolves and dogs hand‐raised and socialized under standardized and identical conditions up until the age of testing. We found that 23‐week‐old wolves and dogs equally discriminated between a stranger and a familiar person, and expressed similar attachment behaviors toward a familiar person. Additionally, wolves, but not dogs, expressed significantly elevated stress‐related behavior during the test, but this stress response was buffered by the presence of a familiar person. Together, our results suggest that wolves can show attachment behaviors toward humans comparable to those of dogs. Importantly, our findings demonstrate that the ability to form attachment with humans exists in relatives of the wild ancestor of dogs, thereby refuting claims that this phenotype evolved after dog domestication was initiated. Article in Journal/Newspaper Canis lupus Wiley Online Library Ecology and Evolution 12 9 |
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Abstract Domesticated animals are generally assumed to display increased sociability toward humans compared to their wild ancestors. Dogs ( Canis familiaris ) have a remarkable ability to form social relationships with humans, including lasting attachment, a bond based on emotional dependency. Since it has been specifically suggested that the ability to form attachment with humans evolved post‐domestication in dogs, attempts to quantify attachment behavior in wolves ( Canis lupus ) have subsequently been performed. However, while these rare wolf studies do highlight the potential for wolves to express human‐directed attachment, the varied methods used and the contrasting results emphasize the need for further, standardized testing of wolves. Here, we used the standardized Strange Situation Test to investigate attachment behavior expressed in wolves and dogs hand‐raised and socialized under standardized and identical conditions up until the age of testing. We found that 23‐week‐old wolves and dogs equally discriminated between a stranger and a familiar person, and expressed similar attachment behaviors toward a familiar person. Additionally, wolves, but not dogs, expressed significantly elevated stress‐related behavior during the test, but this stress response was buffered by the presence of a familiar person. Together, our results suggest that wolves can show attachment behaviors toward humans comparable to those of dogs. Importantly, our findings demonstrate that the ability to form attachment with humans exists in relatives of the wild ancestor of dogs, thereby refuting claims that this phenotype evolved after dog domestication was initiated. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Hansen Wheat, Christina Larsson, Linn Berner, Patricia Temrin, Hans |
spellingShingle |
Hansen Wheat, Christina Larsson, Linn Berner, Patricia Temrin, Hans Human‐directed attachment behavior in wolves suggests standing ancestral variation for human–dog attachment bonds |
author_facet |
Hansen Wheat, Christina Larsson, Linn Berner, Patricia Temrin, Hans |
author_sort |
Hansen Wheat, Christina |
title |
Human‐directed attachment behavior in wolves suggests standing ancestral variation for human–dog attachment bonds |
title_short |
Human‐directed attachment behavior in wolves suggests standing ancestral variation for human–dog attachment bonds |
title_full |
Human‐directed attachment behavior in wolves suggests standing ancestral variation for human–dog attachment bonds |
title_fullStr |
Human‐directed attachment behavior in wolves suggests standing ancestral variation for human–dog attachment bonds |
title_full_unstemmed |
Human‐directed attachment behavior in wolves suggests standing ancestral variation for human–dog attachment bonds |
title_sort |
human‐directed attachment behavior in wolves suggests standing ancestral variation for human–dog attachment bonds |
publisher |
Wiley |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9299 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.9299 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/ece3.9299 |
genre |
Canis lupus |
genre_facet |
Canis lupus |
op_source |
Ecology and Evolution volume 12, issue 9 ISSN 2045-7758 2045-7758 |
op_rights |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9299 |
container_title |
Ecology and Evolution |
container_volume |
12 |
container_issue |
9 |
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1812812755085819904 |