Survey of n- 3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish and fish products
Abstract Background The imbalance of the n -3/ n -6 ratio in the Western diet is characterised by a low intake of n -3 long-chain (LC) PUFA and a concurrent high intake of n -6 PUFA. Fish, in particular marine fish, is a unique source of n -3 LC PUFA. However, FA composition of consumed fish changed...
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2012
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Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-511x-11-144 https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/1476-511X-11-144.pdf |
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crspringernat:10.1186/1476-511x-11-144 2023-05-15T13:09:21+02:00 Survey of n- 3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish and fish products Strobel, Claudia Jahreis, Gerhard Kuhnt, Katrin 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-511x-11-144 https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/1476-511X-11-144.pdf en eng Springer Science and Business Media LLC Lipids in Health and Disease volume 11, issue 1 ISSN 1476-511X Biochemistry, medical Clinical Biochemistry Endocrinology Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism journal-article 2012 crspringernat https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511x-11-144 2022-01-04T07:45:35Z Abstract Background The imbalance of the n -3/ n -6 ratio in the Western diet is characterised by a low intake of n -3 long-chain (LC) PUFA and a concurrent high intake of n -6 PUFA. Fish, in particular marine fish, is a unique source of n -3 LC PUFA. However, FA composition of consumed fish changed, due to the increasing usage of n -6 PUFA-rich vegetable oils in aquaculture feed and in fish processing (frying) which both lead to a further shift in n -6 PUFA to the detriment of n -3 LC PUFA. The aim of this study was to determine the ratio of n -3/ n -6 including the contents of EPA and DHA in fish fillets and fish products from the German market (n=123). Furthermore, the study focussed on the FA content in farmed salmon compared to wild salmon as well as in processed Alaska pollock fillet, e.g., fish fingers. Results Total fat and FA content in fish products varied considerably depending on fish species, feed management, and food processing. Mackerel, herring and trout fillets characteristically contained adequate dietary amounts of absolute EPA and DHA, due to their high fat contents. However, despite a lower fat content, tuna, pollock, and Alaska pollock can contribute considerable amounts of EPA and DHA to the human supply. Farmed salmon are an appropriate source of EPA and DHA owing to their higher fat content compared to wild salmon (12.3 vs. 2.1 wt %), however with elevated SFA, n -9 and n -6 FA contents representing the use of vegetable oils and oilseeds in aquaculture feed. The n -3/ n -6 ratio was deteriorated (2.9 vs. 12.4) but still acceptable. Compared to pure fish fillets, breaded and pre-fried Alaska pollock fillet contained extraordinarily high fat and n -6 PUFA levels. Conclusions Since fish species vary with respect to their n -3 LC PUFA contents, eating a variety of fish is advisable. High n -6 PUFA containing pre-fried fish support the imbalance of n -3/ n -6 ratio in the Western diet. Thus, consumption of pure fish fillets is to be favoured. The lower n -3 PUFA portion in farmed fish can be offset by the higher fat content, however, with an unfavourable FA distribution compared to wild fellows. Article in Journal/Newspaper alaska pollock Alaska Springer Nature (via Crossref) Lipids in Health and Disease 11 1 |
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Open Polar |
collection |
Springer Nature (via Crossref) |
op_collection_id |
crspringernat |
language |
English |
topic |
Biochemistry, medical Clinical Biochemistry Endocrinology Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism |
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Biochemistry, medical Clinical Biochemistry Endocrinology Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Strobel, Claudia Jahreis, Gerhard Kuhnt, Katrin Survey of n- 3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish and fish products |
topic_facet |
Biochemistry, medical Clinical Biochemistry Endocrinology Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism |
description |
Abstract Background The imbalance of the n -3/ n -6 ratio in the Western diet is characterised by a low intake of n -3 long-chain (LC) PUFA and a concurrent high intake of n -6 PUFA. Fish, in particular marine fish, is a unique source of n -3 LC PUFA. However, FA composition of consumed fish changed, due to the increasing usage of n -6 PUFA-rich vegetable oils in aquaculture feed and in fish processing (frying) which both lead to a further shift in n -6 PUFA to the detriment of n -3 LC PUFA. The aim of this study was to determine the ratio of n -3/ n -6 including the contents of EPA and DHA in fish fillets and fish products from the German market (n=123). Furthermore, the study focussed on the FA content in farmed salmon compared to wild salmon as well as in processed Alaska pollock fillet, e.g., fish fingers. Results Total fat and FA content in fish products varied considerably depending on fish species, feed management, and food processing. Mackerel, herring and trout fillets characteristically contained adequate dietary amounts of absolute EPA and DHA, due to their high fat contents. However, despite a lower fat content, tuna, pollock, and Alaska pollock can contribute considerable amounts of EPA and DHA to the human supply. Farmed salmon are an appropriate source of EPA and DHA owing to their higher fat content compared to wild salmon (12.3 vs. 2.1 wt %), however with elevated SFA, n -9 and n -6 FA contents representing the use of vegetable oils and oilseeds in aquaculture feed. The n -3/ n -6 ratio was deteriorated (2.9 vs. 12.4) but still acceptable. Compared to pure fish fillets, breaded and pre-fried Alaska pollock fillet contained extraordinarily high fat and n -6 PUFA levels. Conclusions Since fish species vary with respect to their n -3 LC PUFA contents, eating a variety of fish is advisable. High n -6 PUFA containing pre-fried fish support the imbalance of n -3/ n -6 ratio in the Western diet. Thus, consumption of pure fish fillets is to be favoured. The lower n -3 PUFA portion in farmed fish can be offset by the higher fat content, however, with an unfavourable FA distribution compared to wild fellows. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Strobel, Claudia Jahreis, Gerhard Kuhnt, Katrin |
author_facet |
Strobel, Claudia Jahreis, Gerhard Kuhnt, Katrin |
author_sort |
Strobel, Claudia |
title |
Survey of n- 3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish and fish products |
title_short |
Survey of n- 3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish and fish products |
title_full |
Survey of n- 3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish and fish products |
title_fullStr |
Survey of n- 3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish and fish products |
title_full_unstemmed |
Survey of n- 3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish and fish products |
title_sort |
survey of n- 3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish and fish products |
publisher |
Springer Science and Business Media LLC |
publishDate |
2012 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-511x-11-144 https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/1476-511X-11-144.pdf |
genre |
alaska pollock Alaska |
genre_facet |
alaska pollock Alaska |
op_source |
Lipids in Health and Disease volume 11, issue 1 ISSN 1476-511X |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511x-11-144 |
container_title |
Lipids in Health and Disease |
container_volume |
11 |
container_issue |
1 |
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1766174016187400192 |