Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2
Abstract Background Growth hormone (GH) is an important regulator of skeletal growth, as well as other adapted processes in salmonids. The GH gene ( gh ) in salmonids is represented by duplicated, non-allelic isoforms designated as gh1 and gh2 . We have isolated and characterized gh -containing bact...
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crspringernat:10.1186/1471-2164-9-522 2023-05-15T18:10:02+02:00 Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2 von Schalburg, Kristian R Yazawa, Ryosuke de Boer, Johan Lubieniecki, Krzysztof P Goh, Benjamin Straub, Christopher A Beetz-Sargent, Marianne R Robb, Adrienne Davidson, William S Devlin, Robert H Koop, Ben F 2008 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-522 https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/1471-2164-9-522.pdf en eng Springer Science and Business Media LLC BMC Genomics volume 9, issue 1 ISSN 1471-2164 Genetics Biotechnology journal-article 2008 crspringernat https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-522 2022-01-04T15:31:58Z Abstract Background Growth hormone (GH) is an important regulator of skeletal growth, as well as other adapted processes in salmonids. The GH gene ( gh ) in salmonids is represented by duplicated, non-allelic isoforms designated as gh1 and gh2 . We have isolated and characterized gh -containing bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) of both Atlantic and Chinook salmon ( Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in order to further elucidate our understanding of the conservation and regulation of these loci. Results BACs containing gh1 and gh2 from both Atlantic and Chinook salmon were assembled, annotated, and compared to each other in their coding, intronic, regulatory, and flanking regions. These BACs also contain the genes for skeletal muscle sodium channel oriented in the same direction. The sequences of the genes for interferon alpha-1, myosin alkali light chain and microtubule associated protein Tau were also identified, and found in opposite orientations relative to gh1 and gh2 . Viability of each of these genes was examined by PCR. We show that transposon insertions have occurred differently in the promoters of gh , within and between each species. Other differences within the promoters and intronic and 3'-flanking regions of the four gh genes provide evidence that they have distinct regulatory modes and possibly act to function differently and/or during different times of salmonid development. Conclusion A core proximal promoter for transcription of both gh1 and gh2 is conserved between the two species of salmon. Nevertheless, transposon integration and regulatory element differences do exist between the promoters of gh1 and gh2 . Additionally, organization of transposon families into the BACs containing gh1 and for the BACs containing gh2 , are very similar within orthologous regions, but much less clear conservation is apparent in comparisons between the gh1 - and gh2 -containing paralogous BACs for the two fish species. This is consistent with the hypothesis that a burst of transposition activity occurred during the speciation events which led to Atlantic and Pacific salmon. The Chinook and other Oncorhynchus GH1s are strikingly different in comparison to the other GHs and this change is not apparent in the surrounding non-coding sequences. Article in Journal/Newspaper Salmo salar Springer Nature (via Crossref) Pacific BMC Genomics 9 1 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Springer Nature (via Crossref) |
op_collection_id |
crspringernat |
language |
English |
topic |
Genetics Biotechnology |
spellingShingle |
Genetics Biotechnology von Schalburg, Kristian R Yazawa, Ryosuke de Boer, Johan Lubieniecki, Krzysztof P Goh, Benjamin Straub, Christopher A Beetz-Sargent, Marianne R Robb, Adrienne Davidson, William S Devlin, Robert H Koop, Ben F Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2 |
topic_facet |
Genetics Biotechnology |
description |
Abstract Background Growth hormone (GH) is an important regulator of skeletal growth, as well as other adapted processes in salmonids. The GH gene ( gh ) in salmonids is represented by duplicated, non-allelic isoforms designated as gh1 and gh2 . We have isolated and characterized gh -containing bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) of both Atlantic and Chinook salmon ( Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in order to further elucidate our understanding of the conservation and regulation of these loci. Results BACs containing gh1 and gh2 from both Atlantic and Chinook salmon were assembled, annotated, and compared to each other in their coding, intronic, regulatory, and flanking regions. These BACs also contain the genes for skeletal muscle sodium channel oriented in the same direction. The sequences of the genes for interferon alpha-1, myosin alkali light chain and microtubule associated protein Tau were also identified, and found in opposite orientations relative to gh1 and gh2 . Viability of each of these genes was examined by PCR. We show that transposon insertions have occurred differently in the promoters of gh , within and between each species. Other differences within the promoters and intronic and 3'-flanking regions of the four gh genes provide evidence that they have distinct regulatory modes and possibly act to function differently and/or during different times of salmonid development. Conclusion A core proximal promoter for transcription of both gh1 and gh2 is conserved between the two species of salmon. Nevertheless, transposon integration and regulatory element differences do exist between the promoters of gh1 and gh2 . Additionally, organization of transposon families into the BACs containing gh1 and for the BACs containing gh2 , are very similar within orthologous regions, but much less clear conservation is apparent in comparisons between the gh1 - and gh2 -containing paralogous BACs for the two fish species. This is consistent with the hypothesis that a burst of transposition activity occurred during the speciation events which led to Atlantic and Pacific salmon. The Chinook and other Oncorhynchus GH1s are strikingly different in comparison to the other GHs and this change is not apparent in the surrounding non-coding sequences. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
von Schalburg, Kristian R Yazawa, Ryosuke de Boer, Johan Lubieniecki, Krzysztof P Goh, Benjamin Straub, Christopher A Beetz-Sargent, Marianne R Robb, Adrienne Davidson, William S Devlin, Robert H Koop, Ben F |
author_facet |
von Schalburg, Kristian R Yazawa, Ryosuke de Boer, Johan Lubieniecki, Krzysztof P Goh, Benjamin Straub, Christopher A Beetz-Sargent, Marianne R Robb, Adrienne Davidson, William S Devlin, Robert H Koop, Ben F |
author_sort |
von Schalburg, Kristian R |
title |
Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2 |
title_short |
Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2 |
title_full |
Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2 |
title_fullStr |
Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Isolation, characterization and comparison of Atlantic and Chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2 |
title_sort |
isolation, characterization and comparison of atlantic and chinook salmon growth hormone 1 and 2 |
publisher |
Springer Science and Business Media LLC |
publishDate |
2008 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-522 https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/1471-2164-9-522.pdf |
geographic |
Pacific |
geographic_facet |
Pacific |
genre |
Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Salmo salar |
op_source |
BMC Genomics volume 9, issue 1 ISSN 1471-2164 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-522 |
container_title |
BMC Genomics |
container_volume |
9 |
container_issue |
1 |
_version_ |
1766182763943165952 |