The costs of icebreaking services: an estimation based on Swedish data
Abstract In winter, the sea around Sweden and Finland as well as parts of the waters around Canada, Russia and the USA become ice covered, and ships may require assistance from icebreakers to proceed to their destinations. This paper accordingly analyses the cost structure and estimates the cost of...
Published in: | WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs |
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Springer Science and Business Media LLC
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crspringernat:10.1007/s13437-019-00191-x 2023-05-15T16:42:03+02:00 The costs of icebreaking services: an estimation based on Swedish data Lindborg, Eva Andersson, Peter Linköping University 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13437-019-00191-x http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13437-019-00191-x.pdf http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13437-019-00191-x/fulltext.html en eng Springer Science and Business Media LLC https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 CC-BY WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs volume 19, issue 1, page 125-142 ISSN 1651-436X 1654-1642 Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law Safety Research Transportation Human Factors and Ergonomics journal-article 2020 crspringernat https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-019-00191-x 2022-01-04T16:44:05Z Abstract In winter, the sea around Sweden and Finland as well as parts of the waters around Canada, Russia and the USA become ice covered, and ships may require assistance from icebreakers to proceed to their destinations. This paper accordingly analyses the cost structure and estimates the cost of icebreaking operations at sea, including the costs of external effects of the icebreakers’ emissions, and analyses the consequences of different pricing schemes for financing icebreaking services. A regression analysis was carried out based on data from icebreaking services in Sweden over 14 winters from 2001/2002 to 2015/2016. The social marginal cost of an average assistance operation (which may involve more than one ship) is estimated at EUR 6476 and for each assisted ship EUR 5304. The same cost is EUR 907 per running hour for the icebreakers and EUR 1990 per hour a ship is assisted. Each additional nautical mile sailed by an icebreaker costs society EUR 141 and each assisted nautical mile EUR 234. The marginal cost is found not to be related to winter severity. Despite the significant social marginal costs, not including large fixed costs, icebreaking in Sweden and Finland is free of charge. The advantages and disadvantages of four pricing models that can be applied to cover at least parts of the costs to society are discussed. All models could create new distortions, but a price per assisted hour may be worth applying in practice. Article in Journal/Newspaper Icebreaker Springer Nature (via Crossref) Canada WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs 19 1 125 142 |
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Open Polar |
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Springer Nature (via Crossref) |
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crspringernat |
language |
English |
topic |
Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law Safety Research Transportation Human Factors and Ergonomics |
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Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law Safety Research Transportation Human Factors and Ergonomics Lindborg, Eva Andersson, Peter The costs of icebreaking services: an estimation based on Swedish data |
topic_facet |
Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law Safety Research Transportation Human Factors and Ergonomics |
description |
Abstract In winter, the sea around Sweden and Finland as well as parts of the waters around Canada, Russia and the USA become ice covered, and ships may require assistance from icebreakers to proceed to their destinations. This paper accordingly analyses the cost structure and estimates the cost of icebreaking operations at sea, including the costs of external effects of the icebreakers’ emissions, and analyses the consequences of different pricing schemes for financing icebreaking services. A regression analysis was carried out based on data from icebreaking services in Sweden over 14 winters from 2001/2002 to 2015/2016. The social marginal cost of an average assistance operation (which may involve more than one ship) is estimated at EUR 6476 and for each assisted ship EUR 5304. The same cost is EUR 907 per running hour for the icebreakers and EUR 1990 per hour a ship is assisted. Each additional nautical mile sailed by an icebreaker costs society EUR 141 and each assisted nautical mile EUR 234. The marginal cost is found not to be related to winter severity. Despite the significant social marginal costs, not including large fixed costs, icebreaking in Sweden and Finland is free of charge. The advantages and disadvantages of four pricing models that can be applied to cover at least parts of the costs to society are discussed. All models could create new distortions, but a price per assisted hour may be worth applying in practice. |
author2 |
Linköping University |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Lindborg, Eva Andersson, Peter |
author_facet |
Lindborg, Eva Andersson, Peter |
author_sort |
Lindborg, Eva |
title |
The costs of icebreaking services: an estimation based on Swedish data |
title_short |
The costs of icebreaking services: an estimation based on Swedish data |
title_full |
The costs of icebreaking services: an estimation based on Swedish data |
title_fullStr |
The costs of icebreaking services: an estimation based on Swedish data |
title_full_unstemmed |
The costs of icebreaking services: an estimation based on Swedish data |
title_sort |
costs of icebreaking services: an estimation based on swedish data |
publisher |
Springer Science and Business Media LLC |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13437-019-00191-x http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13437-019-00191-x.pdf http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13437-019-00191-x/fulltext.html |
geographic |
Canada |
geographic_facet |
Canada |
genre |
Icebreaker |
genre_facet |
Icebreaker |
op_source |
WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs volume 19, issue 1, page 125-142 ISSN 1651-436X 1654-1642 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-019-00191-x |
container_title |
WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs |
container_volume |
19 |
container_issue |
1 |
container_start_page |
125 |
op_container_end_page |
142 |
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1766032499879706624 |