Pathology of Domoic Acid Toxicity in California Sea Lions ( Zalophus californianus)
Over 100 free-ranging adult California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus) and one Northern fur seal ( Callorhinus ursinus), predominantly adult females, were intoxicated by domoic acid (DA) during three harmful algal blooms between 1998 and 2000 in central and northern California coastal waters. Th...
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crsagepubl:10.1354/vp.42-2-184 2024-09-15T18:41:37+00:00 Pathology of Domoic Acid Toxicity in California Sea Lions ( Zalophus californianus) Silvagni, P. A. Lowenstine, L. J. Spraker, T. Lipscomb, T. P. Gulland, F. M. D. 2005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.42-2-184 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1354/vp.42-2-184 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1354/vp.42-2-184 en eng SAGE Publications http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license Veterinary Pathology volume 42, issue 2, page 184-191 ISSN 0300-9858 1544-2217 journal-article 2005 crsagepubl https://doi.org/10.1354/vp.42-2-184 2024-08-27T04:24:38Z Over 100 free-ranging adult California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus) and one Northern fur seal ( Callorhinus ursinus), predominantly adult females, were intoxicated by domoic acid (DA) during three harmful algal blooms between 1998 and 2000 in central and northern California coastal waters. The vector prey item was Northern anchovy ( Engraulis mordax) and the primary DA-producing algal diatom was Psuedonitzschia australis. Postmortem examination revealed gross and histologic findings that were distinctive and aided in diagnosis. A total of 109 sea lions were examined, dying between 1 day and 10 months after admission to a marine mammal rehabilitation center. Persistent seizures with obtundation were the main clinical findings. Frequent gross findings in animals dying acutely consisted of piriform lobe malacia, myocardial pallor, bronchopneumonia, and complications related to pregnancy. Gross findings in animals dying months after intoxication included bilateral hippocampal atrophy. Histologic observations implicated limbic system seizure injury consistent with excitotoxin exposure. Peracutely, there was microvesicular hydropic degeneration within the neuropil of the hippocampus, amygdala, pyriform lobe, and other limbic structures. Acutely, there was ischemic neuronal necrosis, particularly apparent in the granular cells of the dentate gyrus and the pyramidal cells within the hippocampus cornu ammonis (CA) sectors CA4, CA3, and CA1. Dentate granular cell necrosis has not been reported in human or experimental animal DA toxicity and may be unique to sea lions. Chronically, there was gliosis, mild nonsuppurative inflammation, and loss of laminar organization in affected areas. Article in Journal/Newspaper Callorhinus ursinus Northern fur seal SAGE Publications Veterinary Pathology 42 2 184 191 |
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SAGE Publications |
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English |
description |
Over 100 free-ranging adult California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus) and one Northern fur seal ( Callorhinus ursinus), predominantly adult females, were intoxicated by domoic acid (DA) during three harmful algal blooms between 1998 and 2000 in central and northern California coastal waters. The vector prey item was Northern anchovy ( Engraulis mordax) and the primary DA-producing algal diatom was Psuedonitzschia australis. Postmortem examination revealed gross and histologic findings that were distinctive and aided in diagnosis. A total of 109 sea lions were examined, dying between 1 day and 10 months after admission to a marine mammal rehabilitation center. Persistent seizures with obtundation were the main clinical findings. Frequent gross findings in animals dying acutely consisted of piriform lobe malacia, myocardial pallor, bronchopneumonia, and complications related to pregnancy. Gross findings in animals dying months after intoxication included bilateral hippocampal atrophy. Histologic observations implicated limbic system seizure injury consistent with excitotoxin exposure. Peracutely, there was microvesicular hydropic degeneration within the neuropil of the hippocampus, amygdala, pyriform lobe, and other limbic structures. Acutely, there was ischemic neuronal necrosis, particularly apparent in the granular cells of the dentate gyrus and the pyramidal cells within the hippocampus cornu ammonis (CA) sectors CA4, CA3, and CA1. Dentate granular cell necrosis has not been reported in human or experimental animal DA toxicity and may be unique to sea lions. Chronically, there was gliosis, mild nonsuppurative inflammation, and loss of laminar organization in affected areas. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Silvagni, P. A. Lowenstine, L. J. Spraker, T. Lipscomb, T. P. Gulland, F. M. D. |
spellingShingle |
Silvagni, P. A. Lowenstine, L. J. Spraker, T. Lipscomb, T. P. Gulland, F. M. D. Pathology of Domoic Acid Toxicity in California Sea Lions ( Zalophus californianus) |
author_facet |
Silvagni, P. A. Lowenstine, L. J. Spraker, T. Lipscomb, T. P. Gulland, F. M. D. |
author_sort |
Silvagni, P. A. |
title |
Pathology of Domoic Acid Toxicity in California Sea Lions ( Zalophus californianus) |
title_short |
Pathology of Domoic Acid Toxicity in California Sea Lions ( Zalophus californianus) |
title_full |
Pathology of Domoic Acid Toxicity in California Sea Lions ( Zalophus californianus) |
title_fullStr |
Pathology of Domoic Acid Toxicity in California Sea Lions ( Zalophus californianus) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Pathology of Domoic Acid Toxicity in California Sea Lions ( Zalophus californianus) |
title_sort |
pathology of domoic acid toxicity in california sea lions ( zalophus californianus) |
publisher |
SAGE Publications |
publishDate |
2005 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.42-2-184 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1354/vp.42-2-184 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1354/vp.42-2-184 |
genre |
Callorhinus ursinus Northern fur seal |
genre_facet |
Callorhinus ursinus Northern fur seal |
op_source |
Veterinary Pathology volume 42, issue 2, page 184-191 ISSN 0300-9858 1544-2217 |
op_rights |
http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1354/vp.42-2-184 |
container_title |
Veterinary Pathology |
container_volume |
42 |
container_issue |
2 |
container_start_page |
184 |
op_container_end_page |
191 |
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1810486022122766336 |