Predicting the contribution of climate change on North Atlantic underwater sound propagation
Since the industrial revolution, oceans have become substantially noisier. The noise increase is mainly caused by increased shipping, resource exploration, and infrastructure development affecting marine life at multiple levels, including behavior and physiology. Together with increasing anthropogen...
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crpeerj:10.7717/peerj.16208 2024-09-15T18:23:05+00:00 Predicting the contribution of climate change on North Atlantic underwater sound propagation Possenti, Luca Reichart, Gert-Jan de Nooijer, Lennart Lam, Frans-Peter de Jong, Christ Colin, Mathieu Binnerts, Bas Boot, Amber von der Heydt, Anna SOUND-2 Project Research Program AQUA Dutch Research Council Program of the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre Ministry of Education, Culture and Science 2023 http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16208 https://peerj.com/articles/16208.pdf https://peerj.com/articles/16208.xml https://peerj.com/articles/16208.html en eng PeerJ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ PeerJ volume 11, page e16208 ISSN 2167-8359 journal-article 2023 crpeerj https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16208 2024-08-26T04:20:26Z Since the industrial revolution, oceans have become substantially noisier. The noise increase is mainly caused by increased shipping, resource exploration, and infrastructure development affecting marine life at multiple levels, including behavior and physiology. Together with increasing anthropogenic noise, climate change is altering the thermal structure of the oceans, which in turn might affect noise propagation. During this century, we are witnessing an increase in seawater temperature and a decrease in ocean pH. Ocean acidification will decrease sound absorption at low frequencies (<10 kHz), enhancing long-range sound propagation. At the same time, temperature changes can modify the sound speed profile, leading to the creation or disappearance of sound ducts in which sound can propagate over large distances. The worldwide effect of climate change was explored for the winter and summer seasons using the (2018 to 2022) and (2094 to 2098, projected) atmospheric and seawater temperature, salinity, pH and wind speed as input. Using numerical modelling, we here explore the impact of climate change on underwater sound propagation. The future climate variables were taken from a Community Earth System Model v2 (CESM2) simulations forced under the concentration-driven SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. The sound modeling results show, for future climate change scenarios, a global increase of sound speed at different depths (5, 125, 300, and 640 m) except for the North Atlantic Ocean and the Norwegian Sea, where in the upper 125 m sound speed will decrease by as much as 40 m s −1 . This decrease in sound speed results in a new sub-surface duct in the upper 200 m of the water column allowing ship noise to propagate over large distances (>500 km). In the case of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, this sub-surface duct will only be present during winter, leading to similar total mean square pressure level (SPL tot ) values in the summer for both (2018 to 2022) and (2094 to 2098). We observed a strong and similar ... Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic Northeast Atlantic Norwegian Sea Ocean acidification PeerJ Publishing PeerJ 11 e16208 |
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PeerJ Publishing |
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crpeerj |
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English |
description |
Since the industrial revolution, oceans have become substantially noisier. The noise increase is mainly caused by increased shipping, resource exploration, and infrastructure development affecting marine life at multiple levels, including behavior and physiology. Together with increasing anthropogenic noise, climate change is altering the thermal structure of the oceans, which in turn might affect noise propagation. During this century, we are witnessing an increase in seawater temperature and a decrease in ocean pH. Ocean acidification will decrease sound absorption at low frequencies (<10 kHz), enhancing long-range sound propagation. At the same time, temperature changes can modify the sound speed profile, leading to the creation or disappearance of sound ducts in which sound can propagate over large distances. The worldwide effect of climate change was explored for the winter and summer seasons using the (2018 to 2022) and (2094 to 2098, projected) atmospheric and seawater temperature, salinity, pH and wind speed as input. Using numerical modelling, we here explore the impact of climate change on underwater sound propagation. The future climate variables were taken from a Community Earth System Model v2 (CESM2) simulations forced under the concentration-driven SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. The sound modeling results show, for future climate change scenarios, a global increase of sound speed at different depths (5, 125, 300, and 640 m) except for the North Atlantic Ocean and the Norwegian Sea, where in the upper 125 m sound speed will decrease by as much as 40 m s −1 . This decrease in sound speed results in a new sub-surface duct in the upper 200 m of the water column allowing ship noise to propagate over large distances (>500 km). In the case of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, this sub-surface duct will only be present during winter, leading to similar total mean square pressure level (SPL tot ) values in the summer for both (2018 to 2022) and (2094 to 2098). We observed a strong and similar ... |
author2 |
SOUND-2 Project Research Program AQUA Dutch Research Council Program of the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre Ministry of Education, Culture and Science |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Possenti, Luca Reichart, Gert-Jan de Nooijer, Lennart Lam, Frans-Peter de Jong, Christ Colin, Mathieu Binnerts, Bas Boot, Amber von der Heydt, Anna |
spellingShingle |
Possenti, Luca Reichart, Gert-Jan de Nooijer, Lennart Lam, Frans-Peter de Jong, Christ Colin, Mathieu Binnerts, Bas Boot, Amber von der Heydt, Anna Predicting the contribution of climate change on North Atlantic underwater sound propagation |
author_facet |
Possenti, Luca Reichart, Gert-Jan de Nooijer, Lennart Lam, Frans-Peter de Jong, Christ Colin, Mathieu Binnerts, Bas Boot, Amber von der Heydt, Anna |
author_sort |
Possenti, Luca |
title |
Predicting the contribution of climate change on North Atlantic underwater sound propagation |
title_short |
Predicting the contribution of climate change on North Atlantic underwater sound propagation |
title_full |
Predicting the contribution of climate change on North Atlantic underwater sound propagation |
title_fullStr |
Predicting the contribution of climate change on North Atlantic underwater sound propagation |
title_full_unstemmed |
Predicting the contribution of climate change on North Atlantic underwater sound propagation |
title_sort |
predicting the contribution of climate change on north atlantic underwater sound propagation |
publisher |
PeerJ |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16208 https://peerj.com/articles/16208.pdf https://peerj.com/articles/16208.xml https://peerj.com/articles/16208.html |
genre |
North Atlantic Northeast Atlantic Norwegian Sea Ocean acidification |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic Northeast Atlantic Norwegian Sea Ocean acidification |
op_source |
PeerJ volume 11, page e16208 ISSN 2167-8359 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16208 |
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PeerJ |
container_volume |
11 |
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e16208 |
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1810463209640951808 |