Body size and trophic level increase with latitude, and decrease in the deep-sea and Antarctica, for marine fish species
The functional traits of species depend both on species’ evolutionary characteristics and their local environmental conditions and opportunities. The temperature-size rule (TSR), gill-oxygen limitation theory (GOLT), and temperature constraint hypothesis (TCH) have been proposed to explain the gradi...
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crpeerj:10.7717/peerj.15880 2024-06-02T07:57:17+00:00 Body size and trophic level increase with latitude, and decrease in the deep-sea and Antarctica, for marine fish species Lin, Han-Yang Costello, Mark John Faculty of Science Strategic Initiative 2021– PhD Output Award, The University of Auckland, New Zealand 2023 http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15880 https://peerj.com/articles/15880.pdf https://peerj.com/articles/15880.xml https://peerj.com/articles/15880.html en eng PeerJ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ PeerJ volume 11, page e15880 ISSN 2167-8359 journal-article 2023 crpeerj https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15880 2024-05-07T14:13:48Z The functional traits of species depend both on species’ evolutionary characteristics and their local environmental conditions and opportunities. The temperature-size rule (TSR), gill-oxygen limitation theory (GOLT), and temperature constraint hypothesis (TCH) have been proposed to explain the gradients of body size and trophic level of marine species. However, how functional traits vary both with latitude and depth have not been quantified at a global scale for any marine taxon. We compared the latitudinal gradients of trophic level and maximum body size of 5,619 marine fish from modelled species ranges, based on (1) three body size ranges, <30, 30–100, and >100 cm, and (2) four trophic levels, <2.20, 2.20–2.80, 2.81–3.70, >3.70. These were parsed into 5° latitudinal intervals in four depth zones: whole water column, 0–200, 201–1,000, and 1,001–6,000 m. We described the relationship between latitudinal gradients of functional traits and salinity, sea surface and near seabed temperatures, and dissolved oxygen. We found mean body sizes and mean trophic levels of marine fish were smaller and lower in the warmer latitudes, and larger and higher respectively in the high latitudes except for the Southern Ocean (Antarctica). Fish species with trophic levels ≤2.80 were dominant in warmer and absent in colder environments. We attribute these differences in body size and trophic level between polar regions to the greater environmental heterogeneity of the Arctic compared to Antarctica. We suggest that fish species’ mean maximum body size declined with depth because of decreased dissolved oxygen. These results support the TSR, GOLT and TCH hypotheses respectively. Thus, at the global scale, temperature and oxygen are primary factors affecting marine fishes’ biogeography and biological traits. Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctica Arctic Southern Ocean PeerJ Publishing Arctic Southern Ocean PeerJ 11 e15880 |
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English |
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The functional traits of species depend both on species’ evolutionary characteristics and their local environmental conditions and opportunities. The temperature-size rule (TSR), gill-oxygen limitation theory (GOLT), and temperature constraint hypothesis (TCH) have been proposed to explain the gradients of body size and trophic level of marine species. However, how functional traits vary both with latitude and depth have not been quantified at a global scale for any marine taxon. We compared the latitudinal gradients of trophic level and maximum body size of 5,619 marine fish from modelled species ranges, based on (1) three body size ranges, <30, 30–100, and >100 cm, and (2) four trophic levels, <2.20, 2.20–2.80, 2.81–3.70, >3.70. These were parsed into 5° latitudinal intervals in four depth zones: whole water column, 0–200, 201–1,000, and 1,001–6,000 m. We described the relationship between latitudinal gradients of functional traits and salinity, sea surface and near seabed temperatures, and dissolved oxygen. We found mean body sizes and mean trophic levels of marine fish were smaller and lower in the warmer latitudes, and larger and higher respectively in the high latitudes except for the Southern Ocean (Antarctica). Fish species with trophic levels ≤2.80 were dominant in warmer and absent in colder environments. We attribute these differences in body size and trophic level between polar regions to the greater environmental heterogeneity of the Arctic compared to Antarctica. We suggest that fish species’ mean maximum body size declined with depth because of decreased dissolved oxygen. These results support the TSR, GOLT and TCH hypotheses respectively. Thus, at the global scale, temperature and oxygen are primary factors affecting marine fishes’ biogeography and biological traits. |
author2 |
Faculty of Science Strategic Initiative 2021– PhD Output Award, The University of Auckland, New Zealand |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Lin, Han-Yang Costello, Mark John |
spellingShingle |
Lin, Han-Yang Costello, Mark John Body size and trophic level increase with latitude, and decrease in the deep-sea and Antarctica, for marine fish species |
author_facet |
Lin, Han-Yang Costello, Mark John |
author_sort |
Lin, Han-Yang |
title |
Body size and trophic level increase with latitude, and decrease in the deep-sea and Antarctica, for marine fish species |
title_short |
Body size and trophic level increase with latitude, and decrease in the deep-sea and Antarctica, for marine fish species |
title_full |
Body size and trophic level increase with latitude, and decrease in the deep-sea and Antarctica, for marine fish species |
title_fullStr |
Body size and trophic level increase with latitude, and decrease in the deep-sea and Antarctica, for marine fish species |
title_full_unstemmed |
Body size and trophic level increase with latitude, and decrease in the deep-sea and Antarctica, for marine fish species |
title_sort |
body size and trophic level increase with latitude, and decrease in the deep-sea and antarctica, for marine fish species |
publisher |
PeerJ |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15880 https://peerj.com/articles/15880.pdf https://peerj.com/articles/15880.xml https://peerj.com/articles/15880.html |
geographic |
Arctic Southern Ocean |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Southern Ocean |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctica Arctic Southern Ocean |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctica Arctic Southern Ocean |
op_source |
PeerJ volume 11, page e15880 ISSN 2167-8359 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15880 |
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PeerJ |
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11 |
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e15880 |
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1800740439180967936 |