Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of the Synthetic Antioxidant Ethoxyquin and Its Major Metabolite in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L), Ethoxyquin Dimer, by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection
Abstract A method for simultaneous quantitative determination of ethoxyquin (EQ) and its major metabolite in Atlantic salmon tissues, ethoxyquin dimer (EQ dimer), has been developed. The separation was achieved on tandem coupled phenyl-hexyl and C18 columns by 2-phase gradient elution with acetonitr...
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2007
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Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.2.587 http://academic.oup.com/jaoac/article-pdf/90/2/587/32438074/jaoac0587.pdf |
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croxfordunivpr:10.1093/jaoac/90.2.587 2024-04-07T07:51:05+00:00 Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of the Synthetic Antioxidant Ethoxyquin and Its Major Metabolite in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L), Ethoxyquin Dimer, by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection Berdikova Bohne, Victoria J Hove, Helge Hamre, Kristin 2007 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.2.587 http://academic.oup.com/jaoac/article-pdf/90/2/587/32438074/jaoac0587.pdf en eng Oxford University Press (OUP) https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL volume 90, issue 2, page 587-597 ISSN 1060-3271 1944-7922 Pharmacology Agronomy and Crop Science Environmental Chemistry Food Science Analytical Chemistry journal-article 2007 croxfordunivpr https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.2.587 2024-03-08T03:10:11Z Abstract A method for simultaneous quantitative determination of ethoxyquin (EQ) and its major metabolite in Atlantic salmon tissues, ethoxyquin dimer (EQ dimer), has been developed. The separation was achieved on tandem coupled phenyl-hexyl and C18 columns by 2-phase gradient elution with acetonitrileascorbic acidacetic aciddiethyl amine organized in a 23.5 min sequence. Compounds were extracted with hexane from samples saponified in ethanolNaOH and protected from air- and light-mediated oxidation by addition of saturated ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ascorbic acid, and pyrogallol. The identity of peaks was confirmed by spiking samples with standards verified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The detection limit (at 358/433 nm) of matrix-spiked EQ was 0.02 and 0.06 g/L for EQ dimer, with 0.5 g sample weighed and resuspension in 0.5 mL hexane. Linearity was in the range of 0.2175 g/L for EQ and 0.35100 g/L for EQ dimer. Two more ubiquitous compounds were identified as de-ethylated EQ and quinone imine. Totally, 14 peaks sharing spectral properties of EQ were separated in a single run, including a major peak present in all muscle samples, termed unknown metabolite of EQ (UMEQ). The concentrations of EQ, EQ dimer, and de-ethylated EQ, as well as concentrations of UMEQ (in arbitrary units), in the muscle were correlated to the amount of EQ fed to the salmon, thus indicating their possible metabolic origin. The pattern of 14 peaks in the muscle showed high specificity and could be used to discriminate between wild salmon and salmon fed EQ-supplemented feed. This method will be a useful tool for studying EQ metabolism and kinetics, and for the routine surveillance of residual levels of dietary EQ in farmed Atlantic salmon. Article in Journal/Newspaper Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Oxford University Press Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 90 2 587 597 |
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Pharmacology Agronomy and Crop Science Environmental Chemistry Food Science Analytical Chemistry |
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Pharmacology Agronomy and Crop Science Environmental Chemistry Food Science Analytical Chemistry Berdikova Bohne, Victoria J Hove, Helge Hamre, Kristin Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of the Synthetic Antioxidant Ethoxyquin and Its Major Metabolite in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L), Ethoxyquin Dimer, by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection |
topic_facet |
Pharmacology Agronomy and Crop Science Environmental Chemistry Food Science Analytical Chemistry |
description |
Abstract A method for simultaneous quantitative determination of ethoxyquin (EQ) and its major metabolite in Atlantic salmon tissues, ethoxyquin dimer (EQ dimer), has been developed. The separation was achieved on tandem coupled phenyl-hexyl and C18 columns by 2-phase gradient elution with acetonitrileascorbic acidacetic aciddiethyl amine organized in a 23.5 min sequence. Compounds were extracted with hexane from samples saponified in ethanolNaOH and protected from air- and light-mediated oxidation by addition of saturated ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ascorbic acid, and pyrogallol. The identity of peaks was confirmed by spiking samples with standards verified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The detection limit (at 358/433 nm) of matrix-spiked EQ was 0.02 and 0.06 g/L for EQ dimer, with 0.5 g sample weighed and resuspension in 0.5 mL hexane. Linearity was in the range of 0.2175 g/L for EQ and 0.35100 g/L for EQ dimer. Two more ubiquitous compounds were identified as de-ethylated EQ and quinone imine. Totally, 14 peaks sharing spectral properties of EQ were separated in a single run, including a major peak present in all muscle samples, termed unknown metabolite of EQ (UMEQ). The concentrations of EQ, EQ dimer, and de-ethylated EQ, as well as concentrations of UMEQ (in arbitrary units), in the muscle were correlated to the amount of EQ fed to the salmon, thus indicating their possible metabolic origin. The pattern of 14 peaks in the muscle showed high specificity and could be used to discriminate between wild salmon and salmon fed EQ-supplemented feed. This method will be a useful tool for studying EQ metabolism and kinetics, and for the routine surveillance of residual levels of dietary EQ in farmed Atlantic salmon. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Berdikova Bohne, Victoria J Hove, Helge Hamre, Kristin |
author_facet |
Berdikova Bohne, Victoria J Hove, Helge Hamre, Kristin |
author_sort |
Berdikova Bohne, Victoria J |
title |
Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of the Synthetic Antioxidant Ethoxyquin and Its Major Metabolite in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L), Ethoxyquin Dimer, by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection |
title_short |
Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of the Synthetic Antioxidant Ethoxyquin and Its Major Metabolite in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L), Ethoxyquin Dimer, by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection |
title_full |
Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of the Synthetic Antioxidant Ethoxyquin and Its Major Metabolite in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L), Ethoxyquin Dimer, by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection |
title_fullStr |
Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of the Synthetic Antioxidant Ethoxyquin and Its Major Metabolite in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L), Ethoxyquin Dimer, by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection |
title_full_unstemmed |
Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of the Synthetic Antioxidant Ethoxyquin and Its Major Metabolite in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L), Ethoxyquin Dimer, by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection |
title_sort |
simultaneous quantitative determination of the synthetic antioxidant ethoxyquin and its major metabolite in atlantic salmon (salmo salar, l), ethoxyquin dimer, by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection |
publisher |
Oxford University Press (OUP) |
publishDate |
2007 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.2.587 http://academic.oup.com/jaoac/article-pdf/90/2/587/32438074/jaoac0587.pdf |
genre |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
op_source |
Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL volume 90, issue 2, page 587-597 ISSN 1060-3271 1944-7922 |
op_rights |
https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.2.587 |
container_title |
Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL |
container_volume |
90 |
container_issue |
2 |
container_start_page |
587 |
op_container_end_page |
597 |
_version_ |
1795665933876854784 |