The Atlantic salmon’s stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined
Abstract The marine environment is predicted to become warmer, and more hypoxic, and these conditions may negatively impact the health and survival of coastal fish species, including wild and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Thus, we examined how: (1) moderate hypoxia (∼70% air saturation) at 1...
Published in: | G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics |
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Oxford University Press (OUP)
2021
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Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkab102 http://academic.oup.com/g3journal/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/g3journal/jkab102/38017392/jkab102.pdf http://academic.oup.com/g3journal/article-pdf/11/7/jkab102/40518978/jkab102.pdf |
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croxfordunivpr:10.1093/g3journal/jkab102 2024-09-09T19:30:36+00:00 The Atlantic salmon’s stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined Beemelmanns, Anne Zanuzzo, Fábio S Sandrelli, Rebeccah M Rise, Matthew L Gamperl, A Kurt Whitehead, A Mitigating the Impact of Climate-Related Challenges on Salmon Aquaculture Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency Innovative PEI and The Huntsman Marine Science Centre 2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkab102 http://academic.oup.com/g3journal/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/g3journal/jkab102/38017392/jkab102.pdf http://academic.oup.com/g3journal/article-pdf/11/7/jkab102/40518978/jkab102.pdf en eng Oxford University Press (OUP) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics volume 11, issue 7 ISSN 2160-1836 journal-article 2021 croxfordunivpr https://doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkab102 2024-08-27T04:17:08Z Abstract The marine environment is predicted to become warmer, and more hypoxic, and these conditions may negatively impact the health and survival of coastal fish species, including wild and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Thus, we examined how: (1) moderate hypoxia (∼70% air saturation) at 12°C for 3 weeks; (2) an incremental temperature increase from 12°C to 20°C (at 1°C week−1) followed by 4 weeks at 20°C; and (3) treatment “2” combined with moderate hypoxia affected transcript expression in the liver of post-smolts as compared to control conditions (normoxia, 12°C). Specifically, we assessed the expression of 45 genes related to the heat shock response, oxidative stress, apoptosis, metabolism and immunity using a high-throughput qPCR approach (Fluidigm Biomark™ HD). The expression profiles of 27 “stress”-related genes indicated that: (i) moderate hypoxia affected the expression of several stress genes at 12°C; (ii) their expression was impacted by 16°C under normoxic conditions, and this effect increased until 20°C; (iii) the effects of moderate hypoxia were not additive to those at temperatures above 16°C; and (iv) long-term (4 weeks) exposure to 20°C, with or without hypoxia, resulted in a limited acclimatory response. In contrast, the expression of 15 immune-related genes was not greatly affected until temperatures reached 20°C, and this effect was particularly evident in fish exposed to the added challenge of hypoxia. These results provide valuable information on how these two important environmental factors affect the “stress” physiology and immunology of Atlantic salmon, and we identify genes that may be useful as hypoxia and/or temperature biomarkers in salmonids and other fishes. Article in Journal/Newspaper Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Oxford University Press G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Oxford University Press |
op_collection_id |
croxfordunivpr |
language |
English |
description |
Abstract The marine environment is predicted to become warmer, and more hypoxic, and these conditions may negatively impact the health and survival of coastal fish species, including wild and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Thus, we examined how: (1) moderate hypoxia (∼70% air saturation) at 12°C for 3 weeks; (2) an incremental temperature increase from 12°C to 20°C (at 1°C week−1) followed by 4 weeks at 20°C; and (3) treatment “2” combined with moderate hypoxia affected transcript expression in the liver of post-smolts as compared to control conditions (normoxia, 12°C). Specifically, we assessed the expression of 45 genes related to the heat shock response, oxidative stress, apoptosis, metabolism and immunity using a high-throughput qPCR approach (Fluidigm Biomark™ HD). The expression profiles of 27 “stress”-related genes indicated that: (i) moderate hypoxia affected the expression of several stress genes at 12°C; (ii) their expression was impacted by 16°C under normoxic conditions, and this effect increased until 20°C; (iii) the effects of moderate hypoxia were not additive to those at temperatures above 16°C; and (iv) long-term (4 weeks) exposure to 20°C, with or without hypoxia, resulted in a limited acclimatory response. In contrast, the expression of 15 immune-related genes was not greatly affected until temperatures reached 20°C, and this effect was particularly evident in fish exposed to the added challenge of hypoxia. These results provide valuable information on how these two important environmental factors affect the “stress” physiology and immunology of Atlantic salmon, and we identify genes that may be useful as hypoxia and/or temperature biomarkers in salmonids and other fishes. |
author2 |
Whitehead, A Mitigating the Impact of Climate-Related Challenges on Salmon Aquaculture Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency Innovative PEI and The Huntsman Marine Science Centre |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Beemelmanns, Anne Zanuzzo, Fábio S Sandrelli, Rebeccah M Rise, Matthew L Gamperl, A Kurt |
spellingShingle |
Beemelmanns, Anne Zanuzzo, Fábio S Sandrelli, Rebeccah M Rise, Matthew L Gamperl, A Kurt The Atlantic salmon’s stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined |
author_facet |
Beemelmanns, Anne Zanuzzo, Fábio S Sandrelli, Rebeccah M Rise, Matthew L Gamperl, A Kurt |
author_sort |
Beemelmanns, Anne |
title |
The Atlantic salmon’s stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined |
title_short |
The Atlantic salmon’s stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined |
title_full |
The Atlantic salmon’s stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined |
title_fullStr |
The Atlantic salmon’s stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Atlantic salmon’s stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined |
title_sort |
atlantic salmon’s stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined |
publisher |
Oxford University Press (OUP) |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkab102 http://academic.oup.com/g3journal/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/g3journal/jkab102/38017392/jkab102.pdf http://academic.oup.com/g3journal/article-pdf/11/7/jkab102/40518978/jkab102.pdf |
genre |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
op_source |
G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics volume 11, issue 7 ISSN 2160-1836 |
op_rights |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkab102 |
container_title |
G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics |
_version_ |
1809899597068238848 |