Mutual Aid and Animal Dispersion: An Historical Analysis of Alternatives to Darwin

• Published in: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
• Main Author: Borrello, Mark E
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Project MUSE 2004
• Subjects: History and Philosophy of Science; Health Policy; General Medicine; Issues, ethics and legal aspects; Arctic
• Online Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2004.0003

Petr Alekseyevich Kropotkin (1842-1921) and Vero Copner Wynne-Edwards (1906-1997) developed evolutionary theories that emphasized social groups and cooperation rather than the organism-level natural selection of standard Darwinian theory. The most important reason for their alternative interpretations was their experience as field naturalists. Kropotkin and Wynne-Edwards worked in arctic environments and were impressed by aspects of the natural world that differed significantly from those experienced by Darwin or Wallace. These field experiences led to their emphasis on mutual aid and group selection, respectively. Understanding the development of their theories helps to illuminate the continuing debates over evolutionary theory and the current resurgence of interest in group selection.