Extreme event impacts on CO 2 fluxes across a range of high latitude, shrub-dominated ecosystems

• Published in: Environmental Research Letters
• Main Authors: Treharne, Rachael, Bjerke, Jarle W, Tømmervik, Hans, Phoenix, Gareth K
• Other Authors: Natural Environment Research Council, EEA Norway Grants, FRAM – High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: unknown
• Published: IOP Publishing 2020
• Subjects: Arctic; Browning; Norway; Svalbard; Climate change
• Online Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abb0b1; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abb0b1; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abb0b1/pdf

Abstract The Arctic is experiencing an increased frequency of extreme events which can cause landscape-scale vegetation damage. Extreme event-driven damage is an important driver of the decline in vegetation productivity (termed ‘Arctic browning’) which has become an increasingly important component of pan-Arctic vegetation change in recent years. A limited number of studies have demonstrated that event-driven damage can have major impacts on ecosystem CO 2 balance, reducing ecosystem carbon sink strength. However, although there are many different extreme events that cause Arctic browning and different ecosystem types that are affected, there is no understanding of how impacts on CO 2 fluxes might vary between these, or of whether commonalities in response exist that would simplify incorporation of extreme event-driven Arctic browning into models. To address this, the impacts of different extreme events (frost-drought, extreme winter warming, ground icing and a herbivore insect outbreak) on growing season CO 2 fluxes of Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R eco ) were assessed at five sites from the boreal to High Arctic (64°N-79°N) in mainland Norway and Svalbard. Event-driven browning had consistent, major impacts across contrasting sites and event drivers, causing site-level reductions of up to 81% of NEE, 51% of GPP and 37% of R eco . Furthermore, at sites where plot-level NDVI (greenness) data were obtained, strong linear relationships between NDVI and NEE were identified, indicating clear potential for impacts of browning on CO 2 balance to be consistently, predictably related to loss of greenness across contrasting types of events and heathland ecosystems. This represents the first attempt to compare the consequences of browning driven by different extreme events on ecosystem CO 2 balance, and provides an important step towards a better understanding of how ecosystem CO 2 balance will respond to continuing climate change at high latitudes.