D-Egg: a dual PMT optical module for IceCube
Abstract The D-Egg, an acronym for “Dual optical sensors in an Ellipsoid Glass for Gen2,” is one of the optical modules designed for future extensions of the IceCube experiment at the South Pole. The D-Egg has an elongated-sphere shape to maximize the photon-sensitive effective area while maintainin...
Published in: | Journal of Instrumentation |
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IOP Publishing
2023
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Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/p04014 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/P04014 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/P04014/pdf |
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crioppubl:10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/p04014 2024-09-15T18:36:53+00:00 D-Egg: a dual PMT optical module for IceCube Abbasi, R. Ackermann, M. Adams, J. Aggarwal, N. Aguilar, J.A. Ahlers, M. Alameddine, J.M. Alves, A.A. Amin, N.M. Andeen, K. Anderson, T. Anton, G. Argüelles, C. Ashida, Y. Athanasiadou, S. Axani, S.N. Bai, X. Balagopal V., A. Baricevic, M. Barwick, S.W. Basu, V. Bay, R. Beatty, J.J. Becker, K.-H. Becker Tjus, J. Beise, J. Bellenghi, C. BenZvi, S. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Besson, D.Z. Binder, G. Bindig, D. Blaufuss, E. Blot, S. Bontempo, F. Book, J.Y. Borowka, J. Boscolo Meneguolo, C. Böser, S. Botner, O. Böttcher, J. Bourbeau, E. Braun, J. Brinson, B. Brostean-Kaiser, J. Burley, R.T. Busse, R.S. Campana, M.A. Carnie-Bronca, E.G. 2023 http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/p04014 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/P04014 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/P04014/pdf unknown IOP Publishing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://iopscience.iop.org/info/page/text-and-data-mining Journal of Instrumentation volume 18, issue 04, page P04014 ISSN 1748-0221 journal-article 2023 crioppubl https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/p04014 2024-08-05T04:18:36Z Abstract The D-Egg, an acronym for “Dual optical sensors in an Ellipsoid Glass for Gen2,” is one of the optical modules designed for future extensions of the IceCube experiment at the South Pole. The D-Egg has an elongated-sphere shape to maximize the photon-sensitive effective area while maintaining a narrow diameter to reduce the cost and the time needed for drilling of the deployment holes in the glacial ice for the optical modules at depths up to 2700 m. The D-Egg design is utilized for the IceCube Upgrade, the next stage of the IceCube project also known as IceCube-Gen2 Phase 1, where nearly half of the optical sensors to be deployed are D-Eggs. With two 8-inch high-quantum efficiency photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) per module, D-Eggs offer an increased effective area while retaining the successful design of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM). The convolution of the wavelength-dependent effective area and the Cherenkov emission spectrum provides an effective photodetection sensitivity that is 2.8 times larger than that of IceCube DOMs. The signal of each of the two PMTs is digitized using ultra-low-power 14-bit analog-to-digital converters with a sampling frequency of 240 MSPS, enabling a flexible event triggering, as well as seamless and lossless event recording of single-photon signals to multi-photons exceeding 200 photoelectrons within 10 ns. Mass production of D-Eggs has been completed, with 277 out of the 310 D-Eggs produced to be used in the IceCube Upgrade. In this paper, we report the design of the D-Eggs, as well as the sensitivity and the single to multi-photon detection performance of mass-produced D-Eggs measured in a laboratory using the built-in data acquisition system in each D-Egg optical sensor module. Article in Journal/Newspaper South pole IOP Publishing Journal of Instrumentation 18 04 P04014 |
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IOP Publishing |
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Abstract The D-Egg, an acronym for “Dual optical sensors in an Ellipsoid Glass for Gen2,” is one of the optical modules designed for future extensions of the IceCube experiment at the South Pole. The D-Egg has an elongated-sphere shape to maximize the photon-sensitive effective area while maintaining a narrow diameter to reduce the cost and the time needed for drilling of the deployment holes in the glacial ice for the optical modules at depths up to 2700 m. The D-Egg design is utilized for the IceCube Upgrade, the next stage of the IceCube project also known as IceCube-Gen2 Phase 1, where nearly half of the optical sensors to be deployed are D-Eggs. With two 8-inch high-quantum efficiency photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) per module, D-Eggs offer an increased effective area while retaining the successful design of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM). The convolution of the wavelength-dependent effective area and the Cherenkov emission spectrum provides an effective photodetection sensitivity that is 2.8 times larger than that of IceCube DOMs. The signal of each of the two PMTs is digitized using ultra-low-power 14-bit analog-to-digital converters with a sampling frequency of 240 MSPS, enabling a flexible event triggering, as well as seamless and lossless event recording of single-photon signals to multi-photons exceeding 200 photoelectrons within 10 ns. Mass production of D-Eggs has been completed, with 277 out of the 310 D-Eggs produced to be used in the IceCube Upgrade. In this paper, we report the design of the D-Eggs, as well as the sensitivity and the single to multi-photon detection performance of mass-produced D-Eggs measured in a laboratory using the built-in data acquisition system in each D-Egg optical sensor module. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Abbasi, R. Ackermann, M. Adams, J. Aggarwal, N. Aguilar, J.A. Ahlers, M. Alameddine, J.M. Alves, A.A. Amin, N.M. Andeen, K. Anderson, T. Anton, G. Argüelles, C. Ashida, Y. Athanasiadou, S. Axani, S.N. Bai, X. Balagopal V., A. Baricevic, M. Barwick, S.W. Basu, V. Bay, R. Beatty, J.J. Becker, K.-H. Becker Tjus, J. Beise, J. Bellenghi, C. BenZvi, S. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Besson, D.Z. Binder, G. Bindig, D. Blaufuss, E. Blot, S. Bontempo, F. Book, J.Y. Borowka, J. Boscolo Meneguolo, C. Böser, S. Botner, O. Böttcher, J. Bourbeau, E. Braun, J. Brinson, B. Brostean-Kaiser, J. Burley, R.T. Busse, R.S. Campana, M.A. Carnie-Bronca, E.G. |
spellingShingle |
Abbasi, R. Ackermann, M. Adams, J. Aggarwal, N. Aguilar, J.A. Ahlers, M. Alameddine, J.M. Alves, A.A. Amin, N.M. Andeen, K. Anderson, T. Anton, G. Argüelles, C. Ashida, Y. Athanasiadou, S. Axani, S.N. Bai, X. Balagopal V., A. Baricevic, M. Barwick, S.W. Basu, V. Bay, R. Beatty, J.J. Becker, K.-H. Becker Tjus, J. Beise, J. Bellenghi, C. BenZvi, S. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Besson, D.Z. Binder, G. Bindig, D. Blaufuss, E. Blot, S. Bontempo, F. Book, J.Y. Borowka, J. Boscolo Meneguolo, C. Böser, S. Botner, O. Böttcher, J. Bourbeau, E. Braun, J. Brinson, B. Brostean-Kaiser, J. Burley, R.T. Busse, R.S. Campana, M.A. Carnie-Bronca, E.G. D-Egg: a dual PMT optical module for IceCube |
author_facet |
Abbasi, R. Ackermann, M. Adams, J. Aggarwal, N. Aguilar, J.A. Ahlers, M. Alameddine, J.M. Alves, A.A. Amin, N.M. Andeen, K. Anderson, T. Anton, G. Argüelles, C. Ashida, Y. Athanasiadou, S. Axani, S.N. Bai, X. Balagopal V., A. Baricevic, M. Barwick, S.W. Basu, V. Bay, R. Beatty, J.J. Becker, K.-H. Becker Tjus, J. Beise, J. Bellenghi, C. BenZvi, S. Berley, D. Bernardini, E. Besson, D.Z. Binder, G. Bindig, D. Blaufuss, E. Blot, S. Bontempo, F. Book, J.Y. Borowka, J. Boscolo Meneguolo, C. Böser, S. Botner, O. Böttcher, J. Bourbeau, E. Braun, J. Brinson, B. Brostean-Kaiser, J. Burley, R.T. Busse, R.S. Campana, M.A. Carnie-Bronca, E.G. |
author_sort |
Abbasi, R. |
title |
D-Egg: a dual PMT optical module for IceCube |
title_short |
D-Egg: a dual PMT optical module for IceCube |
title_full |
D-Egg: a dual PMT optical module for IceCube |
title_fullStr |
D-Egg: a dual PMT optical module for IceCube |
title_full_unstemmed |
D-Egg: a dual PMT optical module for IceCube |
title_sort |
d-egg: a dual pmt optical module for icecube |
publisher |
IOP Publishing |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/p04014 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/P04014 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/P04014/pdf |
genre |
South pole |
genre_facet |
South pole |
op_source |
Journal of Instrumentation volume 18, issue 04, page P04014 ISSN 1748-0221 |
op_rights |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://iopscience.iop.org/info/page/text-and-data-mining |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/04/p04014 |
container_title |
Journal of Instrumentation |
container_volume |
18 |
container_issue |
04 |
container_start_page |
P04014 |
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1810480606093508608 |