Sources of vitamin D for humans
Abstract. Both vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are now well-documented worldwide in relation to human health, and this has raised interest in vitamin D research. The aim of this article is therefore to review the literature on sources of vitamin D. It can be endogenously synthesised under ult...
Published in: | International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research |
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crhogrefe:10.1024/0300-9831/a000733 2024-06-23T07:56:26+00:00 Sources of vitamin D for humans Benedik, Evgen 2022 http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000733 https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/pdf/10.1024/0300-9831/a000733 en eng Hogrefe Publishing Group International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research volume 92, issue 2, page 118-125 ISSN 0300-9831 1664-2821 journal-article 2022 crhogrefe https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000733 2024-06-11T04:09:54Z Abstract. Both vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are now well-documented worldwide in relation to human health, and this has raised interest in vitamin D research. The aim of this article is therefore to review the literature on sources of vitamin D. It can be endogenously synthesised under ultraviolet B radiation in the skin, or ingested through dietary supplements and dietary sources, which include food of animal and plant origin, as well as fortified foods. Vitamin D is mainly found in two forms, D 3 (cholecalciferol) and D 2 (ergocalciferol). In addition to the D 3 and D 2 forms of vitamin D, 25-hydroxy vitamin D also contributes significantly to dietary vitamin D intake. It is found in many animal-derived products. Fortified food can contain D 3 or D 2 forms or vitamin D metabolite 25-hydroxy vitamin D. Not many foods are a rich source (> 4 μg/100 g) of vitamin D (D represents D 3 and/or D 2 ), e.g., many but not all fish (5–25 μg/100 g), mushrooms (21.1–58.7 μg/100 g), Reindeer lichen (87 μg/100 g) and fish liver oils (250 μg/100 g). Other dietary sources are cheese, beef liver and eggs (1.3–2.9 μg/100 g), dark chocolate (4 μg/100 g), as well as fortified foods (milk, yoghurt, fat spreads, orange juice, breakfast grains, plant-based beverages). Since an adequate intake of vitamin D (15 μg/day set by the European Food Safety Authority) is hard to achieve through diet alone, dietary supplements of vitamin D are usually recommended. This review summarizes current knowledge about different sources of vitamin D for humans. Article in Journal/Newspaper Reindeer lichen hogrefe International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research |
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Abstract. Both vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are now well-documented worldwide in relation to human health, and this has raised interest in vitamin D research. The aim of this article is therefore to review the literature on sources of vitamin D. It can be endogenously synthesised under ultraviolet B radiation in the skin, or ingested through dietary supplements and dietary sources, which include food of animal and plant origin, as well as fortified foods. Vitamin D is mainly found in two forms, D 3 (cholecalciferol) and D 2 (ergocalciferol). In addition to the D 3 and D 2 forms of vitamin D, 25-hydroxy vitamin D also contributes significantly to dietary vitamin D intake. It is found in many animal-derived products. Fortified food can contain D 3 or D 2 forms or vitamin D metabolite 25-hydroxy vitamin D. Not many foods are a rich source (> 4 μg/100 g) of vitamin D (D represents D 3 and/or D 2 ), e.g., many but not all fish (5–25 μg/100 g), mushrooms (21.1–58.7 μg/100 g), Reindeer lichen (87 μg/100 g) and fish liver oils (250 μg/100 g). Other dietary sources are cheese, beef liver and eggs (1.3–2.9 μg/100 g), dark chocolate (4 μg/100 g), as well as fortified foods (milk, yoghurt, fat spreads, orange juice, breakfast grains, plant-based beverages). Since an adequate intake of vitamin D (15 μg/day set by the European Food Safety Authority) is hard to achieve through diet alone, dietary supplements of vitamin D are usually recommended. This review summarizes current knowledge about different sources of vitamin D for humans. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Benedik, Evgen |
spellingShingle |
Benedik, Evgen Sources of vitamin D for humans |
author_facet |
Benedik, Evgen |
author_sort |
Benedik, Evgen |
title |
Sources of vitamin D for humans |
title_short |
Sources of vitamin D for humans |
title_full |
Sources of vitamin D for humans |
title_fullStr |
Sources of vitamin D for humans |
title_full_unstemmed |
Sources of vitamin D for humans |
title_sort |
sources of vitamin d for humans |
publisher |
Hogrefe Publishing Group |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000733 https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/pdf/10.1024/0300-9831/a000733 |
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Reindeer lichen |
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Reindeer lichen |
op_source |
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research volume 92, issue 2, page 118-125 ISSN 0300-9831 1664-2821 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000733 |
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International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research |
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