Dietary Lipid:Protein Ratio and n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Alters the Gut Microbiome of Atlantic Salmon Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions
Researchers have adjusted dietary lipid:protein ratios and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) to optimize the growth performance of Atlantic salmon. However, dietary impacts on the gut microbiome are lacking, especially under varying environmental conditions. To examine this respon...
Published in: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.589898 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.589898/full |
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crfrontiers:10.3389/fmicb.2020.589898 2024-10-13T14:06:06+00:00 Dietary Lipid:Protein Ratio and n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Alters the Gut Microbiome of Atlantic Salmon Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions Huyben, David Roehe, Beeke K. Bekaert, Michaël Ruyter, Bente Glencross, Brett Norwegian Research Council Norwegian Seafood Research Fund University of Stirling 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.589898 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.589898/full unknown Frontiers Media SA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Frontiers in Microbiology volume 11 ISSN 1664-302X journal-article 2020 crfrontiers https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.589898 2024-09-24T04:02:57Z Researchers have adjusted dietary lipid:protein ratios and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) to optimize the growth performance of Atlantic salmon. However, dietary impacts on the gut microbiome are lacking, especially under varying environmental conditions. To examine this response, post-smolt salmon (184 ± 5 g) were fed diets with lipid:protein ratios considered low (180, 570 g/kg) and high (230, 460 g/kg) along with low and high levels of n-3 LC-PUFA (7 or 14 g/kg) while fish were reared under low and high levels of dissolved oxygen (6.7 or 8.0 mg/L). At day 0, 35 and 116, digesta in the distal intestine were collected and analyzed for viable counts and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes (V4 region) using Illumina MiSeq. The reduction in oxygen had negligible effects, except on viable plate counts of total bacteria and an initial effect on beta-diversity. In contrast, the high lipid (HL) diets had an increased alpha-diversity (e.g., Shannon and Chao-1) at day 0 and day 35 whereas high n-3 diets suppressed these indices at day 116. Generally, a reduction in alpha-diversity was observed over time and an interaction between lipid:protein ratio x n-3 was found. Between diets, beta-diversity and phyla abundance were similar as both Proteobacteria (44%) and Firmicutes (21%) dominated. However, at the genus level Aliivibrio , Streptococcus , Weissella, and Lactobacillus , were associated with low lipid (LL) diets while the high lipid diets were associated with less abundant bacteria, e.g., Chromohalobacter . At day 116, the relative abundance of the Tenericutes phylum increased 10-fold (36%). Fish fed the high lipid diet with high n-3 had reduced alpha-diversity, lowest abundance of lactic acid bacteria, and highest abundance of Mycoplasma , which may indicate a less healthy gut microbiome. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis revealed that saturated and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathways were several folds higher in fish fed the ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Atlantic salmon Frontiers (Publisher) Frontiers in Microbiology 11 |
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Researchers have adjusted dietary lipid:protein ratios and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) to optimize the growth performance of Atlantic salmon. However, dietary impacts on the gut microbiome are lacking, especially under varying environmental conditions. To examine this response, post-smolt salmon (184 ± 5 g) were fed diets with lipid:protein ratios considered low (180, 570 g/kg) and high (230, 460 g/kg) along with low and high levels of n-3 LC-PUFA (7 or 14 g/kg) while fish were reared under low and high levels of dissolved oxygen (6.7 or 8.0 mg/L). At day 0, 35 and 116, digesta in the distal intestine were collected and analyzed for viable counts and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes (V4 region) using Illumina MiSeq. The reduction in oxygen had negligible effects, except on viable plate counts of total bacteria and an initial effect on beta-diversity. In contrast, the high lipid (HL) diets had an increased alpha-diversity (e.g., Shannon and Chao-1) at day 0 and day 35 whereas high n-3 diets suppressed these indices at day 116. Generally, a reduction in alpha-diversity was observed over time and an interaction between lipid:protein ratio x n-3 was found. Between diets, beta-diversity and phyla abundance were similar as both Proteobacteria (44%) and Firmicutes (21%) dominated. However, at the genus level Aliivibrio , Streptococcus , Weissella, and Lactobacillus , were associated with low lipid (LL) diets while the high lipid diets were associated with less abundant bacteria, e.g., Chromohalobacter . At day 116, the relative abundance of the Tenericutes phylum increased 10-fold (36%). Fish fed the high lipid diet with high n-3 had reduced alpha-diversity, lowest abundance of lactic acid bacteria, and highest abundance of Mycoplasma , which may indicate a less healthy gut microbiome. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis revealed that saturated and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathways were several folds higher in fish fed the ... |
author2 |
Norwegian Research Council Norwegian Seafood Research Fund University of Stirling |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Huyben, David Roehe, Beeke K. Bekaert, Michaël Ruyter, Bente Glencross, Brett |
spellingShingle |
Huyben, David Roehe, Beeke K. Bekaert, Michaël Ruyter, Bente Glencross, Brett Dietary Lipid:Protein Ratio and n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Alters the Gut Microbiome of Atlantic Salmon Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions |
author_facet |
Huyben, David Roehe, Beeke K. Bekaert, Michaël Ruyter, Bente Glencross, Brett |
author_sort |
Huyben, David |
title |
Dietary Lipid:Protein Ratio and n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Alters the Gut Microbiome of Atlantic Salmon Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions |
title_short |
Dietary Lipid:Protein Ratio and n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Alters the Gut Microbiome of Atlantic Salmon Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions |
title_full |
Dietary Lipid:Protein Ratio and n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Alters the Gut Microbiome of Atlantic Salmon Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions |
title_fullStr |
Dietary Lipid:Protein Ratio and n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Alters the Gut Microbiome of Atlantic Salmon Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions |
title_full_unstemmed |
Dietary Lipid:Protein Ratio and n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Alters the Gut Microbiome of Atlantic Salmon Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions |
title_sort |
dietary lipid:protein ratio and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids alters the gut microbiome of atlantic salmon under hypoxic and normoxic conditions |
publisher |
Frontiers Media SA |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.589898 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.589898/full |
genre |
Atlantic salmon |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon |
op_source |
Frontiers in Microbiology volume 11 ISSN 1664-302X |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.589898 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Microbiology |
container_volume |
11 |
_version_ |
1812812158342266880 |