Observing Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southern Ocean
Dense, cold waters formed on Antarctic continental shelves descend along the Antarctic continental margin, where they mix with other Southern Ocean waters to form Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). AABW then spreads into the deepest parts of all major ocean basins, isolating heat and carbon from the atm...
Published in: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | unknown |
Published: |
Frontiers Media SA
2023
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1221701 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1221701/full |
id |
crfrontiers:10.3389/fmars.2023.1221701 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
crfrontiers:10.3389/fmars.2023.1221701 2024-09-30T14:24:21+00:00 Observing Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southern Ocean Silvano, Alessandro Purkey, Sarah Gordon, Arnold L. Castagno, Pasquale Stewart, Andrew L. Rintoul, Stephen R. Foppert, Annie Gunn, Kathryn L. Herraiz-Borreguero, Laura Aoki, Shigeru Nakayama, Yoshihiro Naveira Garabato, Alberto C. Spingys, Carl Akhoudas, Camille Hayatte Sallée, Jean-Baptiste de Lavergne, Casimir Abrahamsen, E. Povl Meijers, Andrew J. S. Meredith, Michael P. Zhou, Shenjie Tamura, Takeshi Yamazaki, Kaihe Ohshima, Kay I. Falco, Pierpaolo Budillon, Giorgio Hattermann, Tore Janout, Markus A. Llanillo, Pedro Bowen, Melissa M. Darelius, Elin Østerhus, Svein Nicholls, Keith W. Stevens, Craig Fernandez, Denise Cimoli, Laura Jacobs, Stanley S. Morrison, Adele K. Hogg, Andrew McC. Haumann, F. Alexander Mashayek, Ali Wang, Zhaomin Kerr, Rodrigo Williams, Guy D. Lee, Won Sang 2023 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1221701 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1221701/full unknown Frontiers Media SA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Frontiers in Marine Science volume 10 ISSN 2296-7745 journal-article 2023 crfrontiers https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1221701 2024-09-17T04:12:51Z Dense, cold waters formed on Antarctic continental shelves descend along the Antarctic continental margin, where they mix with other Southern Ocean waters to form Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). AABW then spreads into the deepest parts of all major ocean basins, isolating heat and carbon from the atmosphere for centuries. Despite AABW’s key role in regulating Earth’s climate on long time scales and in recording Southern Ocean conditions, AABW remains poorly observed. This lack of observational data is mostly due to two factors. First, AABW originates on the Antarctic continental shelf and slope where in situ measurements are limited and ocean observations by satellites are hampered by persistent sea ice cover and long periods of darkness in winter. Second, north of the Antarctic continental slope, AABW is found below approximately 2 km depth, where in situ observations are also scarce and satellites cannot provide direct measurements. Here, we review progress made during the past decades in observing AABW. We describe 1) long-term monitoring obtained by moorings, by ship-based surveys, and beneath ice shelves through bore holes; 2) the recent development of autonomous observing tools in coastal Antarctic and deep ocean systems; and 3) alternative approaches including data assimilation models and satellite-derived proxies. The variety of approaches is beginning to transform our understanding of AABW, including its formation processes, temporal variability, and contribution to the lower limb of the global ocean meridional overturning circulation. In particular, these observations highlight the key role played by winds, sea ice, and the Antarctic Ice Sheet in AABW-related processes. We conclude by discussing future avenues for observing and understanding AABW, impressing the need for a sustained and coordinated observing system. Article in Journal/Newspaper Antarc* Antarctic Ice Sheet Ice Shelves Sea ice Southern Ocean Frontiers (Publisher) Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic Frontiers in Marine Science 10 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Frontiers (Publisher) |
op_collection_id |
crfrontiers |
language |
unknown |
description |
Dense, cold waters formed on Antarctic continental shelves descend along the Antarctic continental margin, where they mix with other Southern Ocean waters to form Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). AABW then spreads into the deepest parts of all major ocean basins, isolating heat and carbon from the atmosphere for centuries. Despite AABW’s key role in regulating Earth’s climate on long time scales and in recording Southern Ocean conditions, AABW remains poorly observed. This lack of observational data is mostly due to two factors. First, AABW originates on the Antarctic continental shelf and slope where in situ measurements are limited and ocean observations by satellites are hampered by persistent sea ice cover and long periods of darkness in winter. Second, north of the Antarctic continental slope, AABW is found below approximately 2 km depth, where in situ observations are also scarce and satellites cannot provide direct measurements. Here, we review progress made during the past decades in observing AABW. We describe 1) long-term monitoring obtained by moorings, by ship-based surveys, and beneath ice shelves through bore holes; 2) the recent development of autonomous observing tools in coastal Antarctic and deep ocean systems; and 3) alternative approaches including data assimilation models and satellite-derived proxies. The variety of approaches is beginning to transform our understanding of AABW, including its formation processes, temporal variability, and contribution to the lower limb of the global ocean meridional overturning circulation. In particular, these observations highlight the key role played by winds, sea ice, and the Antarctic Ice Sheet in AABW-related processes. We conclude by discussing future avenues for observing and understanding AABW, impressing the need for a sustained and coordinated observing system. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Silvano, Alessandro Purkey, Sarah Gordon, Arnold L. Castagno, Pasquale Stewart, Andrew L. Rintoul, Stephen R. Foppert, Annie Gunn, Kathryn L. Herraiz-Borreguero, Laura Aoki, Shigeru Nakayama, Yoshihiro Naveira Garabato, Alberto C. Spingys, Carl Akhoudas, Camille Hayatte Sallée, Jean-Baptiste de Lavergne, Casimir Abrahamsen, E. Povl Meijers, Andrew J. S. Meredith, Michael P. Zhou, Shenjie Tamura, Takeshi Yamazaki, Kaihe Ohshima, Kay I. Falco, Pierpaolo Budillon, Giorgio Hattermann, Tore Janout, Markus A. Llanillo, Pedro Bowen, Melissa M. Darelius, Elin Østerhus, Svein Nicholls, Keith W. Stevens, Craig Fernandez, Denise Cimoli, Laura Jacobs, Stanley S. Morrison, Adele K. Hogg, Andrew McC. Haumann, F. Alexander Mashayek, Ali Wang, Zhaomin Kerr, Rodrigo Williams, Guy D. Lee, Won Sang |
spellingShingle |
Silvano, Alessandro Purkey, Sarah Gordon, Arnold L. Castagno, Pasquale Stewart, Andrew L. Rintoul, Stephen R. Foppert, Annie Gunn, Kathryn L. Herraiz-Borreguero, Laura Aoki, Shigeru Nakayama, Yoshihiro Naveira Garabato, Alberto C. Spingys, Carl Akhoudas, Camille Hayatte Sallée, Jean-Baptiste de Lavergne, Casimir Abrahamsen, E. Povl Meijers, Andrew J. S. Meredith, Michael P. Zhou, Shenjie Tamura, Takeshi Yamazaki, Kaihe Ohshima, Kay I. Falco, Pierpaolo Budillon, Giorgio Hattermann, Tore Janout, Markus A. Llanillo, Pedro Bowen, Melissa M. Darelius, Elin Østerhus, Svein Nicholls, Keith W. Stevens, Craig Fernandez, Denise Cimoli, Laura Jacobs, Stanley S. Morrison, Adele K. Hogg, Andrew McC. Haumann, F. Alexander Mashayek, Ali Wang, Zhaomin Kerr, Rodrigo Williams, Guy D. Lee, Won Sang Observing Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southern Ocean |
author_facet |
Silvano, Alessandro Purkey, Sarah Gordon, Arnold L. Castagno, Pasquale Stewart, Andrew L. Rintoul, Stephen R. Foppert, Annie Gunn, Kathryn L. Herraiz-Borreguero, Laura Aoki, Shigeru Nakayama, Yoshihiro Naveira Garabato, Alberto C. Spingys, Carl Akhoudas, Camille Hayatte Sallée, Jean-Baptiste de Lavergne, Casimir Abrahamsen, E. Povl Meijers, Andrew J. S. Meredith, Michael P. Zhou, Shenjie Tamura, Takeshi Yamazaki, Kaihe Ohshima, Kay I. Falco, Pierpaolo Budillon, Giorgio Hattermann, Tore Janout, Markus A. Llanillo, Pedro Bowen, Melissa M. Darelius, Elin Østerhus, Svein Nicholls, Keith W. Stevens, Craig Fernandez, Denise Cimoli, Laura Jacobs, Stanley S. Morrison, Adele K. Hogg, Andrew McC. Haumann, F. Alexander Mashayek, Ali Wang, Zhaomin Kerr, Rodrigo Williams, Guy D. Lee, Won Sang |
author_sort |
Silvano, Alessandro |
title |
Observing Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southern Ocean |
title_short |
Observing Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southern Ocean |
title_full |
Observing Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southern Ocean |
title_fullStr |
Observing Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southern Ocean |
title_full_unstemmed |
Observing Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southern Ocean |
title_sort |
observing antarctic bottom water in the southern ocean |
publisher |
Frontiers Media SA |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1221701 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1221701/full |
geographic |
Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic |
geographic_facet |
Antarctic Southern Ocean The Antarctic |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctic Ice Sheet Ice Shelves Sea ice Southern Ocean |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctic Ice Sheet Ice Shelves Sea ice Southern Ocean |
op_source |
Frontiers in Marine Science volume 10 ISSN 2296-7745 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1221701 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
container_volume |
10 |
_version_ |
1811640688741187584 |