Oyster Reef Surfaces in the Central Wadden Sea: Intra-Reef Classification and Comprehensive Statistical Description
The Pacific oyster ( Magallana gigas ) is an invasive species in the Wadden Sea transforming parts of it permanently. M. gigas , as an ecosystem engineer, builds reef structures that are characterized by highly complex and variable surfaces consisting of densely packed, sharp-edged individuals conne...
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Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.808018 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.808018/full |
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crfrontiers:10.3389/fmars.2022.808018 2024-05-19T07:46:51+00:00 Oyster Reef Surfaces in the Central Wadden Sea: Intra-Reef Classification and Comprehensive Statistical Description Hitzegrad, Jan Brohmann, Leon Pfennings, Kai Hoffmann, Tom K. Eilrich, Anne K. Paul, Maike Welzel, Mario Schlurmann, Torsten Aberle, Jochen Wehrmann, Achim Goseberg, Nils 2022 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.808018 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.808018/full unknown Frontiers Media SA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Frontiers in Marine Science volume 9 ISSN 2296-7745 journal-article 2022 crfrontiers https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.808018 2024-05-01T06:50:44Z The Pacific oyster ( Magallana gigas ) is an invasive species in the Wadden Sea transforming parts of it permanently. M. gigas , as an ecosystem engineer, builds reef structures that are characterized by highly complex and variable surfaces consisting of densely packed, sharp-edged individuals connected with cement-like bonds. To investigate the interactions between reef structure, shape and formation and wave as well as tidal currents, an understanding of the surface roughness is essential. This work reports on observations of oyster reefs for which seven new structural classes ( Central Reef , Transitional Zone , Cluster I , Cluster II , Patch I , Patch II , and Garland ) are proposed. For each class, high resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) have been elaborated based on Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry and analyzed using spatial statistics. By determining probability density functions (PDFs), vertical porosity distributions, abundances, orientations and second-order structure functions (SSFs), topographical parameters that influence the hydraulic bed roughness have been determined. The results suggest, that by applying the structural classification and their distinct topographical roughness parameters, the oyster reef surfaces can be described appropriately accounting for their complexity. The roughness accounts to a total roughness height k t = 103 ± 15 mm and root-mean-square roughness height k rms = 23 ± 5 mm. These values were found similar across all structural classes, yet the shape of the PDFs reveal differences. With decreasing abundance, the distributions become more positively skewed and are characterized by more extreme outliers. This is reflected in the higher statistical moments, as the skewness ranges between Sk = 0.4–2.1 and the kurtosis between Ku = 2.2–11.5. The analysis of the orientations and the SSFs confirms anisotropic behavior across all structural classes. Further, the SSFs reveal the oyster shells as significant roughness elements with exception of Cluster I and II , ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Pacific oyster Frontiers (Publisher) Frontiers in Marine Science 9 |
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Frontiers (Publisher) |
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description |
The Pacific oyster ( Magallana gigas ) is an invasive species in the Wadden Sea transforming parts of it permanently. M. gigas , as an ecosystem engineer, builds reef structures that are characterized by highly complex and variable surfaces consisting of densely packed, sharp-edged individuals connected with cement-like bonds. To investigate the interactions between reef structure, shape and formation and wave as well as tidal currents, an understanding of the surface roughness is essential. This work reports on observations of oyster reefs for which seven new structural classes ( Central Reef , Transitional Zone , Cluster I , Cluster II , Patch I , Patch II , and Garland ) are proposed. For each class, high resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) have been elaborated based on Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry and analyzed using spatial statistics. By determining probability density functions (PDFs), vertical porosity distributions, abundances, orientations and second-order structure functions (SSFs), topographical parameters that influence the hydraulic bed roughness have been determined. The results suggest, that by applying the structural classification and their distinct topographical roughness parameters, the oyster reef surfaces can be described appropriately accounting for their complexity. The roughness accounts to a total roughness height k t = 103 ± 15 mm and root-mean-square roughness height k rms = 23 ± 5 mm. These values were found similar across all structural classes, yet the shape of the PDFs reveal differences. With decreasing abundance, the distributions become more positively skewed and are characterized by more extreme outliers. This is reflected in the higher statistical moments, as the skewness ranges between Sk = 0.4–2.1 and the kurtosis between Ku = 2.2–11.5. The analysis of the orientations and the SSFs confirms anisotropic behavior across all structural classes. Further, the SSFs reveal the oyster shells as significant roughness elements with exception of Cluster I and II , ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Hitzegrad, Jan Brohmann, Leon Pfennings, Kai Hoffmann, Tom K. Eilrich, Anne K. Paul, Maike Welzel, Mario Schlurmann, Torsten Aberle, Jochen Wehrmann, Achim Goseberg, Nils |
spellingShingle |
Hitzegrad, Jan Brohmann, Leon Pfennings, Kai Hoffmann, Tom K. Eilrich, Anne K. Paul, Maike Welzel, Mario Schlurmann, Torsten Aberle, Jochen Wehrmann, Achim Goseberg, Nils Oyster Reef Surfaces in the Central Wadden Sea: Intra-Reef Classification and Comprehensive Statistical Description |
author_facet |
Hitzegrad, Jan Brohmann, Leon Pfennings, Kai Hoffmann, Tom K. Eilrich, Anne K. Paul, Maike Welzel, Mario Schlurmann, Torsten Aberle, Jochen Wehrmann, Achim Goseberg, Nils |
author_sort |
Hitzegrad, Jan |
title |
Oyster Reef Surfaces in the Central Wadden Sea: Intra-Reef Classification and Comprehensive Statistical Description |
title_short |
Oyster Reef Surfaces in the Central Wadden Sea: Intra-Reef Classification and Comprehensive Statistical Description |
title_full |
Oyster Reef Surfaces in the Central Wadden Sea: Intra-Reef Classification and Comprehensive Statistical Description |
title_fullStr |
Oyster Reef Surfaces in the Central Wadden Sea: Intra-Reef Classification and Comprehensive Statistical Description |
title_full_unstemmed |
Oyster Reef Surfaces in the Central Wadden Sea: Intra-Reef Classification and Comprehensive Statistical Description |
title_sort |
oyster reef surfaces in the central wadden sea: intra-reef classification and comprehensive statistical description |
publisher |
Frontiers Media SA |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.808018 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.808018/full |
genre |
Pacific oyster |
genre_facet |
Pacific oyster |
op_source |
Frontiers in Marine Science volume 9 ISSN 2296-7745 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.808018 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Marine Science |
container_volume |
9 |
_version_ |
1799487105122959360 |