The Water Cycle of the Baltic Sea Region From GRACE/GRACE-FO Missions and ERA5 Data
The water cycle of the Baltic Sea has been estimated from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and the GRACE Follow-On satellite time-variable gravity measurements, and precipitation and evaporation from ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis data for the periods 06/2002 to 06/2017 and 06/2018 t...
Published in: | Frontiers in Earth Science |
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Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.879148 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.879148/full |
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crfrontiers:10.3389/feart.2022.879148 2024-09-09T19:57:25+00:00 The Water Cycle of the Baltic Sea Region From GRACE/GRACE-FO Missions and ERA5 Data Boulahia, Ahmed Kamel García-García, David Vigo, M. Isabel Trottini, Mario Sayol, Juan-Manuel Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades 2022 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.879148 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.879148/full unknown Frontiers Media SA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Frontiers in Earth Science volume 10 ISSN 2296-6463 journal-article 2022 crfrontiers https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.879148 2024-08-13T04:06:14Z The water cycle of the Baltic Sea has been estimated from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and the GRACE Follow-On satellite time-variable gravity measurements, and precipitation and evaporation from ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis data for the periods 06/2002 to 06/2017 and 06/2018 to 11/2021. On average, the Baltic Sea evaporates 199 ± 3 km 3 /year, which is overcompensated with 256 ± 6 km 3 /year of precipitation and 476 ± 17 km 3 /year of water from land. This surplus of freshwater inflow produces a salty water net outflow from the Baltic Sea of 515 ± 27 km 3 /year, which increases to 668 ± 32 km 3 /year when the Kattegat and Skagerrak straits are included. In general, the balance among the fluxes is not reached instantaneously, and all of them present seasonal variability. The Baltic net outflow reaches an annual minimum of 221 ± 79 km 3 /year in September and a maximum of 814 ± 94 km 3 /year in May, mainly driven by the freshwater contribution from land. On the interannual scale, the annual mean of the Baltic net outflow can vary up to 470 km 3 /year from year to year. This variability is not directly related to the North Atlantic Oscillation during wintertime, although the latter is well correlated with net precipitation in both continental drainage basins and the Baltic Sea. Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic North Atlantic oscillation Frontiers (Publisher) Kattegat ENVELOPE(9.692,9.692,63.563,63.563) Frontiers in Earth Science 10 |
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Open Polar |
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Frontiers (Publisher) |
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crfrontiers |
language |
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description |
The water cycle of the Baltic Sea has been estimated from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and the GRACE Follow-On satellite time-variable gravity measurements, and precipitation and evaporation from ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis data for the periods 06/2002 to 06/2017 and 06/2018 to 11/2021. On average, the Baltic Sea evaporates 199 ± 3 km 3 /year, which is overcompensated with 256 ± 6 km 3 /year of precipitation and 476 ± 17 km 3 /year of water from land. This surplus of freshwater inflow produces a salty water net outflow from the Baltic Sea of 515 ± 27 km 3 /year, which increases to 668 ± 32 km 3 /year when the Kattegat and Skagerrak straits are included. In general, the balance among the fluxes is not reached instantaneously, and all of them present seasonal variability. The Baltic net outflow reaches an annual minimum of 221 ± 79 km 3 /year in September and a maximum of 814 ± 94 km 3 /year in May, mainly driven by the freshwater contribution from land. On the interannual scale, the annual mean of the Baltic net outflow can vary up to 470 km 3 /year from year to year. This variability is not directly related to the North Atlantic Oscillation during wintertime, although the latter is well correlated with net precipitation in both continental drainage basins and the Baltic Sea. |
author2 |
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Boulahia, Ahmed Kamel García-García, David Vigo, M. Isabel Trottini, Mario Sayol, Juan-Manuel |
spellingShingle |
Boulahia, Ahmed Kamel García-García, David Vigo, M. Isabel Trottini, Mario Sayol, Juan-Manuel The Water Cycle of the Baltic Sea Region From GRACE/GRACE-FO Missions and ERA5 Data |
author_facet |
Boulahia, Ahmed Kamel García-García, David Vigo, M. Isabel Trottini, Mario Sayol, Juan-Manuel |
author_sort |
Boulahia, Ahmed Kamel |
title |
The Water Cycle of the Baltic Sea Region From GRACE/GRACE-FO Missions and ERA5 Data |
title_short |
The Water Cycle of the Baltic Sea Region From GRACE/GRACE-FO Missions and ERA5 Data |
title_full |
The Water Cycle of the Baltic Sea Region From GRACE/GRACE-FO Missions and ERA5 Data |
title_fullStr |
The Water Cycle of the Baltic Sea Region From GRACE/GRACE-FO Missions and ERA5 Data |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Water Cycle of the Baltic Sea Region From GRACE/GRACE-FO Missions and ERA5 Data |
title_sort |
water cycle of the baltic sea region from grace/grace-fo missions and era5 data |
publisher |
Frontiers Media SA |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.879148 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.879148/full |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(9.692,9.692,63.563,63.563) |
geographic |
Kattegat |
geographic_facet |
Kattegat |
genre |
North Atlantic North Atlantic oscillation |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic North Atlantic oscillation |
op_source |
Frontiers in Earth Science volume 10 ISSN 2296-6463 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.879148 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Earth Science |
container_volume |
10 |
_version_ |
1809928343729995776 |