Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia
Mongolia is one of the most sensitive regions to climate change, located in the transition of several natural and permafrost zones. Long-term trends in air freezing and thawing indices can therefore enhance our understanding of climate change. This study focuses on changes of the spatiotemporal patt...
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Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.713498 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.713498/full |
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crfrontiers:10.3389/feart.2021.713498 2024-09-15T18:29:58+00:00 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia Dashtseren, Avirmed Temuujin, Khurelbaatar Westermann, Sebastian Batbold, Altangerel Amarbayasgalan, Yondon Battogtokh, Dorjgotov Norges Forskningsråd 2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.713498 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.713498/full unknown Frontiers Media SA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Frontiers in Earth Science volume 9 ISSN 2296-6463 journal-article 2021 crfrontiers https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.713498 2024-08-20T04:04:24Z Mongolia is one of the most sensitive regions to climate change, located in the transition of several natural and permafrost zones. Long-term trends in air freezing and thawing indices can therefore enhance our understanding of climate change. This study focuses on changes of the spatiotemporal patterns in air freezing and thawing indices over Mongolia from 1960 to 2020, using observations at 30 meteorological stations. Our results shows that the freezing index ranges from −945.5 to −4,793.6°C day, while the thawing index ranges from 1,164.4 to 4,021.3°C day over Mongolia, and their spatial patterns clearly link to the latitude and altitude. During the study period, the trend in the thawing index (14.4°C-day per year) was larger than the trend in the freezing index (up to −10.1°C-day per year), which results in the net increase of air temperature by 2.4°C across Mongolia. Overall, the increase in the thawing index was larger in the low latitudes and altitudes (e.g., the Gobi-desert, steppes, the Great lake depression and major river valleys) than in high latitudes and altitudes (mountain regions), while it was the opposite for the freezing index. The highest values for both thawing index and freezing index (i.e. the least negative values) have occurred during the last 2 decades. As the trends in the freezing and thawing indices and mean annual air temperature confirm intensive climate warming, increased permafrost degradation and shallower seasonally frozen ground are expected throughout Mongolia. Article in Journal/Newspaper permafrost Frontiers (Publisher) Frontiers in Earth Science 9 |
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Frontiers (Publisher) |
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Mongolia is one of the most sensitive regions to climate change, located in the transition of several natural and permafrost zones. Long-term trends in air freezing and thawing indices can therefore enhance our understanding of climate change. This study focuses on changes of the spatiotemporal patterns in air freezing and thawing indices over Mongolia from 1960 to 2020, using observations at 30 meteorological stations. Our results shows that the freezing index ranges from −945.5 to −4,793.6°C day, while the thawing index ranges from 1,164.4 to 4,021.3°C day over Mongolia, and their spatial patterns clearly link to the latitude and altitude. During the study period, the trend in the thawing index (14.4°C-day per year) was larger than the trend in the freezing index (up to −10.1°C-day per year), which results in the net increase of air temperature by 2.4°C across Mongolia. Overall, the increase in the thawing index was larger in the low latitudes and altitudes (e.g., the Gobi-desert, steppes, the Great lake depression and major river valleys) than in high latitudes and altitudes (mountain regions), while it was the opposite for the freezing index. The highest values for both thawing index and freezing index (i.e. the least negative values) have occurred during the last 2 decades. As the trends in the freezing and thawing indices and mean annual air temperature confirm intensive climate warming, increased permafrost degradation and shallower seasonally frozen ground are expected throughout Mongolia. |
author2 |
Norges Forskningsråd |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Dashtseren, Avirmed Temuujin, Khurelbaatar Westermann, Sebastian Batbold, Altangerel Amarbayasgalan, Yondon Battogtokh, Dorjgotov |
spellingShingle |
Dashtseren, Avirmed Temuujin, Khurelbaatar Westermann, Sebastian Batbold, Altangerel Amarbayasgalan, Yondon Battogtokh, Dorjgotov Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia |
author_facet |
Dashtseren, Avirmed Temuujin, Khurelbaatar Westermann, Sebastian Batbold, Altangerel Amarbayasgalan, Yondon Battogtokh, Dorjgotov |
author_sort |
Dashtseren, Avirmed |
title |
Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia |
title_short |
Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia |
title_full |
Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia |
title_fullStr |
Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia |
title_full_unstemmed |
Spatial and Temporal Variations of Freezing and Thawing Indices From 1960 to 2020 in Mongolia |
title_sort |
spatial and temporal variations of freezing and thawing indices from 1960 to 2020 in mongolia |
publisher |
Frontiers Media SA |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.713498 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.713498/full |
genre |
permafrost |
genre_facet |
permafrost |
op_source |
Frontiers in Earth Science volume 9 ISSN 2296-6463 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.713498 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Earth Science |
container_volume |
9 |
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1810471453726867456 |