The importance of essential fatty acids and their ratios in aquafeeds to enhance salmonid production, welfare, and human health
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), namely those from omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) families, are paramount for both fish and human nutrition. Some of these biomolecules cannot be synthesized de novo and must be acquired through the diet, being termed dietary essential fatty acids (E...
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Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2023.1147081 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2023.1147081/full |
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crfrontiers:10.3389/fanim.2023.1147081 2024-09-30T14:32:33+00:00 The importance of essential fatty acids and their ratios in aquafeeds to enhance salmonid production, welfare, and human health Carr, Ian Glencross, Brett Santigosa, Ester 2023 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2023.1147081 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2023.1147081/full unknown Frontiers Media SA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Frontiers in Animal Science volume 4 ISSN 2673-6225 journal-article 2023 crfrontiers https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2023.1147081 2024-09-10T04:05:06Z Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), namely those from omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) families, are paramount for both fish and human nutrition. Some of these biomolecules cannot be synthesized de novo and must be acquired through the diet, being termed dietary essential fatty acids (EFA). Fish requirements for EFA have traditionally been met through the incorporation of fish oil (FO) in the formulation of aquafeeds. However, with limited supply of FO the aquaculture industry is searching for additional sustainable sources of LC-PUFA. This has significantly shifted the type of ingredients used in aquafeed formulation, namely vegetable oils (VO) deficient in long-chain omega-3, often resulting in imbalanced levels and ratios of fatty acid classes. Such imbalances can negatively affect fish performance and welfare, as well as the levels of health promoting omega-3 LC-PUFA present in fish fillets. Given the relevance that salmonid aquaculture plays in global fish production (principally Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar ), as well as its growing role as a source of dietary health promoting omega-3 LC-PUFA for humans, the present review summarizes the scientific knowledge available to date on the dietary requirements for LC-PUFA by salmonids and humans. We discuss the implications of using imbalanced aquafeed formulations upon fish performance and welfare, as well as the subsequent consequences for human nutrition, along with current efforts to replace FO by alternative ingredients such as algal oil (AO) that can safeguard high-quality salmonid products for human consumption. Article in Journal/Newspaper Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Frontiers (Publisher) Frontiers in Animal Science 4 |
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Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), namely those from omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) families, are paramount for both fish and human nutrition. Some of these biomolecules cannot be synthesized de novo and must be acquired through the diet, being termed dietary essential fatty acids (EFA). Fish requirements for EFA have traditionally been met through the incorporation of fish oil (FO) in the formulation of aquafeeds. However, with limited supply of FO the aquaculture industry is searching for additional sustainable sources of LC-PUFA. This has significantly shifted the type of ingredients used in aquafeed formulation, namely vegetable oils (VO) deficient in long-chain omega-3, often resulting in imbalanced levels and ratios of fatty acid classes. Such imbalances can negatively affect fish performance and welfare, as well as the levels of health promoting omega-3 LC-PUFA present in fish fillets. Given the relevance that salmonid aquaculture plays in global fish production (principally Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar ), as well as its growing role as a source of dietary health promoting omega-3 LC-PUFA for humans, the present review summarizes the scientific knowledge available to date on the dietary requirements for LC-PUFA by salmonids and humans. We discuss the implications of using imbalanced aquafeed formulations upon fish performance and welfare, as well as the subsequent consequences for human nutrition, along with current efforts to replace FO by alternative ingredients such as algal oil (AO) that can safeguard high-quality salmonid products for human consumption. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Carr, Ian Glencross, Brett Santigosa, Ester |
spellingShingle |
Carr, Ian Glencross, Brett Santigosa, Ester The importance of essential fatty acids and their ratios in aquafeeds to enhance salmonid production, welfare, and human health |
author_facet |
Carr, Ian Glencross, Brett Santigosa, Ester |
author_sort |
Carr, Ian |
title |
The importance of essential fatty acids and their ratios in aquafeeds to enhance salmonid production, welfare, and human health |
title_short |
The importance of essential fatty acids and their ratios in aquafeeds to enhance salmonid production, welfare, and human health |
title_full |
The importance of essential fatty acids and their ratios in aquafeeds to enhance salmonid production, welfare, and human health |
title_fullStr |
The importance of essential fatty acids and their ratios in aquafeeds to enhance salmonid production, welfare, and human health |
title_full_unstemmed |
The importance of essential fatty acids and their ratios in aquafeeds to enhance salmonid production, welfare, and human health |
title_sort |
importance of essential fatty acids and their ratios in aquafeeds to enhance salmonid production, welfare, and human health |
publisher |
Frontiers Media SA |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2023.1147081 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2023.1147081/full |
genre |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
op_source |
Frontiers in Animal Science volume 4 ISSN 2673-6225 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2023.1147081 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Animal Science |
container_volume |
4 |
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1811636687743221760 |