Re-Evaluation of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views of Pinniped Origins
Abstract The origin of pinnipeds has been a contentious issue, with opposite sides debating monophyly or diphyly. This review uses evidence from the fossil record, combined with comparative morphology, molecular and cytogenetic investigations to evaluate the evolutionary history and phylogenetic rel...
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crdegruyter:10.1515/vzoo-2016-0040 2023-05-15T17:34:39+02:00 Re-Evaluation of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views of Pinniped Origins Koretsky, I. A. Barnes, L. G. Rahmat, S. J. 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0040 http://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/vzoo/50/4/article-p327.xml https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/vzoo.2016.50.issue-4/vzoo-2016-0040/vzoo-2016-0040.pdf unknown Walter de Gruyter GmbH http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 CC-BY-NC-ND Vestnik Zoologii volume 50, issue 4, page 327-354 ISSN 2073-2333 Animal Science and Zoology Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics journal-article 2016 crdegruyter https://doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0040 2022-06-16T13:41:57Z Abstract The origin of pinnipeds has been a contentious issue, with opposite sides debating monophyly or diphyly. This review uses evidence from the fossil record, combined with comparative morphology, molecular and cytogenetic investigations to evaluate the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationships of living and fossil otarioid and phocoid pinnipeds. Molecular investigations support a monophyletic origin of pinnipeds, but disregard vital morphological data. Likewise, morphological studies support diphyly, but overlook molecular analyses. This review will demonstrate that a monophyletic origin of pinnipeds should not be completely accepted, as is the current ideology, and a diphyletic origin remains viable due to morphological and paleobiological analyses. Critical examination of certain characters, used by supporters of pinniped monophyly, reveals different polarities, variability, or simply convergence. The paleontological record and our morphological analysis of important characters supports a diphyletic origin of pinnipeds, with otarioids likely arising in the North Pacific from large, bear-like animals and phocids arising in the North Atlantic from smaller, otter-like ancestors. Although members of both groups are known by Late Oligocene time, each developed and invaded the aquatic environment separately from their much earlier, common arctoid ancestor. Therefore, we treat the superfamily Otarioidea as being monophyletic, including the families Enaliarctidae, Otariidae (fur seals/sea lions), Desmatophocidae, and Odobenidae (walruses and extinct relatives), and the superfamily Phocoidea as monophyletic, including only the family Phocidae, with four subfamilies (Devinophocinae, Phocinae, Monachinae, and Cystophorinae). Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic walrus* De Gruyter (via Crossref) Pacific Vestnik Zoologii 50 4 327 354 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
De Gruyter (via Crossref) |
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language |
unknown |
topic |
Animal Science and Zoology Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics |
spellingShingle |
Animal Science and Zoology Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Koretsky, I. A. Barnes, L. G. Rahmat, S. J. Re-Evaluation of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views of Pinniped Origins |
topic_facet |
Animal Science and Zoology Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics |
description |
Abstract The origin of pinnipeds has been a contentious issue, with opposite sides debating monophyly or diphyly. This review uses evidence from the fossil record, combined with comparative morphology, molecular and cytogenetic investigations to evaluate the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationships of living and fossil otarioid and phocoid pinnipeds. Molecular investigations support a monophyletic origin of pinnipeds, but disregard vital morphological data. Likewise, morphological studies support diphyly, but overlook molecular analyses. This review will demonstrate that a monophyletic origin of pinnipeds should not be completely accepted, as is the current ideology, and a diphyletic origin remains viable due to morphological and paleobiological analyses. Critical examination of certain characters, used by supporters of pinniped monophyly, reveals different polarities, variability, or simply convergence. The paleontological record and our morphological analysis of important characters supports a diphyletic origin of pinnipeds, with otarioids likely arising in the North Pacific from large, bear-like animals and phocids arising in the North Atlantic from smaller, otter-like ancestors. Although members of both groups are known by Late Oligocene time, each developed and invaded the aquatic environment separately from their much earlier, common arctoid ancestor. Therefore, we treat the superfamily Otarioidea as being monophyletic, including the families Enaliarctidae, Otariidae (fur seals/sea lions), Desmatophocidae, and Odobenidae (walruses and extinct relatives), and the superfamily Phocoidea as monophyletic, including only the family Phocidae, with four subfamilies (Devinophocinae, Phocinae, Monachinae, and Cystophorinae). |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Koretsky, I. A. Barnes, L. G. Rahmat, S. J. |
author_facet |
Koretsky, I. A. Barnes, L. G. Rahmat, S. J. |
author_sort |
Koretsky, I. A. |
title |
Re-Evaluation of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views of Pinniped Origins |
title_short |
Re-Evaluation of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views of Pinniped Origins |
title_full |
Re-Evaluation of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views of Pinniped Origins |
title_fullStr |
Re-Evaluation of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views of Pinniped Origins |
title_full_unstemmed |
Re-Evaluation of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views of Pinniped Origins |
title_sort |
re-evaluation of morphological characters questions current views of pinniped origins |
publisher |
Walter de Gruyter GmbH |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0040 http://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/vzoo/50/4/article-p327.xml https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/vzoo.2016.50.issue-4/vzoo-2016-0040/vzoo-2016-0040.pdf |
geographic |
Pacific |
geographic_facet |
Pacific |
genre |
North Atlantic walrus* |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic walrus* |
op_source |
Vestnik Zoologii volume 50, issue 4, page 327-354 ISSN 2073-2333 |
op_rights |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY-NC-ND |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0040 |
container_title |
Vestnik Zoologii |
container_volume |
50 |
container_issue |
4 |
container_start_page |
327 |
op_container_end_page |
354 |
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1766133560206426112 |