Context dependence of elk ( Cervus elaphus) vigilance and wolf ( Canis lupus) predation risk

• Published in: Canadian Journal of Zoology
• Main Authors: Eisenberg, Cristina, Hibbs, David E., Ripple, William J., Salwasser, Hal
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Canadian Science Publishing 2014
• Subjects: Canada; North Fork; Canis lupus
• Online Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0049; http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/full-xml/10.1139/cjz-2014-0049; http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/cjz-2014-0049

To assess the relationship between predation risk perceived by elk (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) as evidenced by vigilance, we conducted focal animal observations in elk winter range. We stratified our observations in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, and Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Canada...