Context dependence of elk ( Cervus elaphus) vigilance and wolf ( Canis lupus) predation risk
To assess the relationship between predation risk perceived by elk (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) as evidenced by vigilance, we conducted focal animal observations in elk winter range. We stratified our observations in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, and Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Canada...
Published in: | Canadian Journal of Zoology |
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Main Authors: | , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Canadian Science Publishing
2014
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Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0049 http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/full-xml/10.1139/cjz-2014-0049 http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/cjz-2014-0049 |