FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AS SHOWN BY INSECTS
Abstract The supercontinent of Pangaea, which once included most lands, fragmented during the Mesozoic. By the Late Cretaceous there were two northern land masses that were strikingly different from those of present day: Asiamerica consisting of present western North America and Asia; and Euramerica...
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Cambridge University Press (CUP)
1988
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Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120144039-1 https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0071075X00003337 |
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crcambridgeupr:10.4039/entm120144039-1 2024-04-28T08:30:06+00:00 FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AS SHOWN BY INSECTS Noonan, Gerald R. 1988 http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120144039-1 https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0071075X00003337 en eng Cambridge University Press (CUP) https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada volume 120, issue S144, page 39-53 ISSN 0071-075X journal-article 1988 crcambridgeupr https://doi.org/10.4039/entm120144039-1 2024-04-09T06:55:26Z Abstract The supercontinent of Pangaea, which once included most lands, fragmented during the Mesozoic. By the Late Cretaceous there were two northern land masses that were strikingly different from those of present day: Asiamerica consisting of present western North America and Asia; and Euramerica comprising Europe and eastern North America. Mild climates facilitated the spread of terrestrial organisms within each of these land masses, but epicontinental seas hindered movements between Europe and Asia and between eastern and western North America.The insects of Euramerica presumably once formed a fauna extending from eastern North America to Europe that differed from the fauna of Asiamerica. The opening of the North Atlantic separated insects in Europe from those in eastern North America. This produced vicarious patterns, with some insects of eastern North America now being more closely related phylogenetically to those of Europe than to those of western North America. Most groups of insects have not been examined for such trans-Atlantic vicariances, but studies reviewed in this paper suggest such relationships for some groups of Collembola, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera.The last suitable land connections between Europe and eastern North America were severed approximately 20–35 million years ago. The insects separated by this severance evolved at different rates. Some groups split in this way have apparently undergone little evolution and have the same species on both sides of the North Atlantic, but other vicarious groups have differentiated into taxa that are now distinct at specific and supra-specific levels.The opening of the North Atlantic probably split both tropical- and temperate-adapted insects in Euramerica. However, without fossil data it is difficult to identify the biogeographical patterns resulting from such splitting of the tropical-adapted groups. Most presently recognized European and eastern North American vicarious patterns of insects were probably caused by ... Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic Cambridge University Press Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 120 S144 39 53 |
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Cambridge University Press |
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English |
description |
Abstract The supercontinent of Pangaea, which once included most lands, fragmented during the Mesozoic. By the Late Cretaceous there were two northern land masses that were strikingly different from those of present day: Asiamerica consisting of present western North America and Asia; and Euramerica comprising Europe and eastern North America. Mild climates facilitated the spread of terrestrial organisms within each of these land masses, but epicontinental seas hindered movements between Europe and Asia and between eastern and western North America.The insects of Euramerica presumably once formed a fauna extending from eastern North America to Europe that differed from the fauna of Asiamerica. The opening of the North Atlantic separated insects in Europe from those in eastern North America. This produced vicarious patterns, with some insects of eastern North America now being more closely related phylogenetically to those of Europe than to those of western North America. Most groups of insects have not been examined for such trans-Atlantic vicariances, but studies reviewed in this paper suggest such relationships for some groups of Collembola, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera.The last suitable land connections between Europe and eastern North America were severed approximately 20–35 million years ago. The insects separated by this severance evolved at different rates. Some groups split in this way have apparently undergone little evolution and have the same species on both sides of the North Atlantic, but other vicarious groups have differentiated into taxa that are now distinct at specific and supra-specific levels.The opening of the North Atlantic probably split both tropical- and temperate-adapted insects in Euramerica. However, without fossil data it is difficult to identify the biogeographical patterns resulting from such splitting of the tropical-adapted groups. Most presently recognized European and eastern North American vicarious patterns of insects were probably caused by ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Noonan, Gerald R. |
spellingShingle |
Noonan, Gerald R. FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AS SHOWN BY INSECTS |
author_facet |
Noonan, Gerald R. |
author_sort |
Noonan, Gerald R. |
title |
FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AS SHOWN BY INSECTS |
title_short |
FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AS SHOWN BY INSECTS |
title_full |
FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AS SHOWN BY INSECTS |
title_fullStr |
FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AS SHOWN BY INSECTS |
title_full_unstemmed |
FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AS SHOWN BY INSECTS |
title_sort |
faunal relationships between eastern north america and europe as shown by insects |
publisher |
Cambridge University Press (CUP) |
publishDate |
1988 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120144039-1 https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0071075X00003337 |
genre |
North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic |
op_source |
Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada volume 120, issue S144, page 39-53 ISSN 0071-075X |
op_rights |
https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.4039/entm120144039-1 |
container_title |
Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada |
container_volume |
120 |
container_issue |
S144 |
container_start_page |
39 |
op_container_end_page |
53 |
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1797588084225736704 |