MODES OF SEASONAL ADAPTATION IN THE INSECTS: I. WINTER SURVIVAL

Abstract Factors affecting the winter survival of temperate-zone insects are reviewed. Certain species suffer high winter mortality especially in cold years, or in years with below normal amounts of insulating snow. Survival depends on the choice of winter microhabitat and on cold-hardiness, but als...

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Published in:The Canadian Entomologist
Main Author: Danks, H. V.
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: Cambridge University Press (CUP) 1978
Subjects:
Online Access:http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1101167-11
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0008347X00020368
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spelling crcambridgeupr:10.4039/ent1101167-11 2024-06-23T07:50:50+00:00 MODES OF SEASONAL ADAPTATION IN THE INSECTS: I. WINTER SURVIVAL Danks, H. V. 1978 http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1101167-11 https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0008347X00020368 en eng Cambridge University Press (CUP) https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms The Canadian Entomologist volume 110, issue 11, page 1167-1205 ISSN 0008-347X 1918-3240 journal-article 1978 crcambridgeupr https://doi.org/10.4039/ent1101167-11 2024-06-12T04:01:55Z Abstract Factors affecting the winter survival of temperate-zone insects are reviewed. Certain species suffer high winter mortality especially in cold years, or in years with below normal amounts of insulating snow. Survival depends on the choice of winter microhabitat and on cold-hardiness, but also on biological features that have not previously been emphasized. These include behaviour that results in placement of overwintering eggs in less severe sites and manufacture of cocoons or other structures that retard inoculation by ice, or desiccation. The possible role of habitat heterogeneity in facilitating population survival is stressed. Microhabitats are characterized mainly with respect to temperature. They differ markedly among geographic areas and not only in midwinter conditions (including the extent of variation), but also in the time at which entry to the microhabitat in fall is necessary to avoid the risk of frost. The cues that govern entry into these microhabitats include negative phototaxis in many species but have not been subjected to quantitative analysis. Deeper layers are warmer in winter but warm up more slowly in spring and therefore some species, especially in arctic habitats where rapid vernal development is advantageous because the season is short, overwinter in superficial or insolated sites. Supposed mechanisms of cold- and freezing-injury and its avoidance are reviewed. There are several theories of freezing-injury: many modem theories focus on damage to the cell membrane, apparently caused by changes in cell volume induced during freezing. Injury is avoided by suppression of haemolymph nucleators (enhancing supercooling); or by a variety of methods, especially those involving solutes, minimising damage to frozen tissues. Among these solutes, the prevalence of glycerol in overwintering insects is not unexpected since glycerol is a normal metabolite in animals and can play several possible roles in cryoprotection. Cold-hardiness is metabolically costly because of these solute adjustments. ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Cambridge University Press Arctic Midwinter ENVELOPE(139.931,139.931,-66.690,-66.690) The Canadian Entomologist 110 11 1167 1205
institution Open Polar
collection Cambridge University Press
op_collection_id crcambridgeupr
language English
description Abstract Factors affecting the winter survival of temperate-zone insects are reviewed. Certain species suffer high winter mortality especially in cold years, or in years with below normal amounts of insulating snow. Survival depends on the choice of winter microhabitat and on cold-hardiness, but also on biological features that have not previously been emphasized. These include behaviour that results in placement of overwintering eggs in less severe sites and manufacture of cocoons or other structures that retard inoculation by ice, or desiccation. The possible role of habitat heterogeneity in facilitating population survival is stressed. Microhabitats are characterized mainly with respect to temperature. They differ markedly among geographic areas and not only in midwinter conditions (including the extent of variation), but also in the time at which entry to the microhabitat in fall is necessary to avoid the risk of frost. The cues that govern entry into these microhabitats include negative phototaxis in many species but have not been subjected to quantitative analysis. Deeper layers are warmer in winter but warm up more slowly in spring and therefore some species, especially in arctic habitats where rapid vernal development is advantageous because the season is short, overwinter in superficial or insolated sites. Supposed mechanisms of cold- and freezing-injury and its avoidance are reviewed. There are several theories of freezing-injury: many modem theories focus on damage to the cell membrane, apparently caused by changes in cell volume induced during freezing. Injury is avoided by suppression of haemolymph nucleators (enhancing supercooling); or by a variety of methods, especially those involving solutes, minimising damage to frozen tissues. Among these solutes, the prevalence of glycerol in overwintering insects is not unexpected since glycerol is a normal metabolite in animals and can play several possible roles in cryoprotection. Cold-hardiness is metabolically costly because of these solute adjustments. ...
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author Danks, H. V.
spellingShingle Danks, H. V.
MODES OF SEASONAL ADAPTATION IN THE INSECTS: I. WINTER SURVIVAL
author_facet Danks, H. V.
author_sort Danks, H. V.
title MODES OF SEASONAL ADAPTATION IN THE INSECTS: I. WINTER SURVIVAL
title_short MODES OF SEASONAL ADAPTATION IN THE INSECTS: I. WINTER SURVIVAL
title_full MODES OF SEASONAL ADAPTATION IN THE INSECTS: I. WINTER SURVIVAL
title_fullStr MODES OF SEASONAL ADAPTATION IN THE INSECTS: I. WINTER SURVIVAL
title_full_unstemmed MODES OF SEASONAL ADAPTATION IN THE INSECTS: I. WINTER SURVIVAL
title_sort modes of seasonal adaptation in the insects: i. winter survival
publisher Cambridge University Press (CUP)
publishDate 1978
url http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1101167-11
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0008347X00020368
long_lat ENVELOPE(139.931,139.931,-66.690,-66.690)
geographic Arctic
Midwinter
geographic_facet Arctic
Midwinter
genre Arctic
genre_facet Arctic
op_source The Canadian Entomologist
volume 110, issue 11, page 1167-1205
ISSN 0008-347X 1918-3240
op_rights https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms
op_doi https://doi.org/10.4039/ent1101167-11
container_title The Canadian Entomologist
container_volume 110
container_issue 11
container_start_page 1167
op_container_end_page 1205
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