Ice Volcanoes of the Lake Erie Shore Near Dunkirk, New York, U.S.A.
Abstract Conical mounds of ice have been observed to form in a few hours during violent winter storms along the edge of shore-fast ice near Dunkirk, New York. They occur in lines which parallel depth contours, and are evenly spaced in the manner of beach cusps. The height and spacing of mounds and n...
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Language: | English |
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Cambridge University Press (CUP)
1973
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Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000022735 https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0022143000022735 |
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crcambridgeupr:10.1017/s0022143000022735 2024-03-03T08:46:04+00:00 Ice Volcanoes of the Lake Erie Shore Near Dunkirk, New York, U.S.A. Fahnestock, R. K. Crowley, D. J. Wilson, M. Schneider, H. 1973 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000022735 https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0022143000022735 en eng Cambridge University Press (CUP) Journal of Glaciology volume 12, issue 64, page 93-99 ISSN 0022-1430 1727-5652 Earth-Surface Processes journal-article 1973 crcambridgeupr https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000022735 2024-02-08T08:37:11Z Abstract Conical mounds of ice have been observed to form in a few hours during violent winter storms along the edge of shore-fast ice near Dunkirk, New York. They occur in lines which parallel depth contours, and are evenly spaced in the manner of beach cusps. The height and spacing of mounds and number of rows vary from year to year depending on such factors as storm duration and intensity, and the position of the edge of the shore-fast ice at the beginning of the storm. The evenly sloping conical mounds have central channels which increase in width lakeward. The ice between the channels forms headlands above the lake surface. Spray-formed levees develop along the headlands and slope gently away from the lake margin. Lake marginal walls of ice are usually vertical. Spray, slush and ice blocks are ejected over the cone as each successive wave is focused by the converging channel walls. Ice blocks, interlayered with frozen slush and dirt, form bedding paralleling the sloping surface of cones, headlands and levees. These features are here termed “ice volcanoes” because their origin is in so many ways analogous to that of true volcanoes. Article in Journal/Newspaper Journal of Glaciology Cambridge University Press Lake Marginal ENVELOPE(163.500,163.500,-74.600,-74.600) Journal of Glaciology 12 64 93 99 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Cambridge University Press |
op_collection_id |
crcambridgeupr |
language |
English |
topic |
Earth-Surface Processes |
spellingShingle |
Earth-Surface Processes Fahnestock, R. K. Crowley, D. J. Wilson, M. Schneider, H. Ice Volcanoes of the Lake Erie Shore Near Dunkirk, New York, U.S.A. |
topic_facet |
Earth-Surface Processes |
description |
Abstract Conical mounds of ice have been observed to form in a few hours during violent winter storms along the edge of shore-fast ice near Dunkirk, New York. They occur in lines which parallel depth contours, and are evenly spaced in the manner of beach cusps. The height and spacing of mounds and number of rows vary from year to year depending on such factors as storm duration and intensity, and the position of the edge of the shore-fast ice at the beginning of the storm. The evenly sloping conical mounds have central channels which increase in width lakeward. The ice between the channels forms headlands above the lake surface. Spray-formed levees develop along the headlands and slope gently away from the lake margin. Lake marginal walls of ice are usually vertical. Spray, slush and ice blocks are ejected over the cone as each successive wave is focused by the converging channel walls. Ice blocks, interlayered with frozen slush and dirt, form bedding paralleling the sloping surface of cones, headlands and levees. These features are here termed “ice volcanoes” because their origin is in so many ways analogous to that of true volcanoes. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Fahnestock, R. K. Crowley, D. J. Wilson, M. Schneider, H. |
author_facet |
Fahnestock, R. K. Crowley, D. J. Wilson, M. Schneider, H. |
author_sort |
Fahnestock, R. K. |
title |
Ice Volcanoes of the Lake Erie Shore Near Dunkirk, New York, U.S.A. |
title_short |
Ice Volcanoes of the Lake Erie Shore Near Dunkirk, New York, U.S.A. |
title_full |
Ice Volcanoes of the Lake Erie Shore Near Dunkirk, New York, U.S.A. |
title_fullStr |
Ice Volcanoes of the Lake Erie Shore Near Dunkirk, New York, U.S.A. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ice Volcanoes of the Lake Erie Shore Near Dunkirk, New York, U.S.A. |
title_sort |
ice volcanoes of the lake erie shore near dunkirk, new york, u.s.a. |
publisher |
Cambridge University Press (CUP) |
publishDate |
1973 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000022735 https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0022143000022735 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(163.500,163.500,-74.600,-74.600) |
geographic |
Lake Marginal |
geographic_facet |
Lake Marginal |
genre |
Journal of Glaciology |
genre_facet |
Journal of Glaciology |
op_source |
Journal of Glaciology volume 12, issue 64, page 93-99 ISSN 0022-1430 1727-5652 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000022735 |
container_title |
Journal of Glaciology |
container_volume |
12 |
container_issue |
64 |
container_start_page |
93 |
op_container_end_page |
99 |
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1792501933089488896 |