Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet–Turkish Entente
On 26 April 1920, three days after the opening of the Grand National Assembly in Angora (Ankara), Mustafa Kemal addressed his first officially confirmed message to the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) of Russia. Shortly thereafter, Bekir Sami Bey (Kundah), Turkish foreign minister, de...
Published in: | International Journal of Middle East Studies |
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Cambridge University Press (CUP)
1973
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Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800027409 https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0020743800027409 |
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crcambridgeupr:10.1017/s0020743800027409 2024-03-03T08:48:35+00:00 Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet–Turkish Entente Hovannisian, Richard G. 1973 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800027409 https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0020743800027409 en eng Cambridge University Press (CUP) https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms International Journal of Middle East Studies volume 4, issue 2, page 129-147 ISSN 0020-7438 1471-6380 Sociology and Political Science History Geography, Planning and Development Sociology and Political Science History Geography, Planning and Development journal-article 1973 crcambridgeupr https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800027409 2024-02-08T08:33:30Z On 26 April 1920, three days after the opening of the Grand National Assembly in Angora (Ankara), Mustafa Kemal addressed his first officially confirmed message to the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) of Russia. Shortly thereafter, Bekir Sami Bey (Kundah), Turkish foreign minister, departed for negotiations in Mosocow.A draft treaty was initialed in August and delivered to Angora in September, and in March 1921 the governments of the Turkish Grand National Assembly and of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic established formal bonds by concluding the Treaty of Moscow. During the few intervening months the small Caucasian Armenian republic, which had been created in May of 1918 and which had become the fulcrum of Armenian aspirations for an independent state encompassing both the Russian Armenian provinces and the contiguous Turkish Armenian provinces of eastern Anatolia, was crushed by the invasion of General Kazim Karabekir's XV Army Corps. The offensive, begun after attainment of a vague Soviet-Turkish understanding, not only overturned the Allied-imposed Treaty of Sévres, which had awarded to the Armenian republic much of the four eastern vilayets of Van, Bitlis, Diyarbakir, and Erzurum, but also restored to Turkish dominion the sanjaks of Kars and Ardahan, since 1878 parts of Russian or Eastern Armenia. What was more, Nationalist Turkey annexed the Surmalu district, embracing Mount Ararat, the historic symbol of the Armenian people. Article in Journal/Newspaper sami Cambridge University Press Fulcrum ENVELOPE(161.117,161.117,-78.033,-78.033) International Journal of Middle East Studies 4 2 129 147 |
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Open Polar |
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Cambridge University Press |
op_collection_id |
crcambridgeupr |
language |
English |
topic |
Sociology and Political Science History Geography, Planning and Development Sociology and Political Science History Geography, Planning and Development |
spellingShingle |
Sociology and Political Science History Geography, Planning and Development Sociology and Political Science History Geography, Planning and Development Hovannisian, Richard G. Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet–Turkish Entente |
topic_facet |
Sociology and Political Science History Geography, Planning and Development Sociology and Political Science History Geography, Planning and Development |
description |
On 26 April 1920, three days after the opening of the Grand National Assembly in Angora (Ankara), Mustafa Kemal addressed his first officially confirmed message to the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) of Russia. Shortly thereafter, Bekir Sami Bey (Kundah), Turkish foreign minister, departed for negotiations in Mosocow.A draft treaty was initialed in August and delivered to Angora in September, and in March 1921 the governments of the Turkish Grand National Assembly and of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic established formal bonds by concluding the Treaty of Moscow. During the few intervening months the small Caucasian Armenian republic, which had been created in May of 1918 and which had become the fulcrum of Armenian aspirations for an independent state encompassing both the Russian Armenian provinces and the contiguous Turkish Armenian provinces of eastern Anatolia, was crushed by the invasion of General Kazim Karabekir's XV Army Corps. The offensive, begun after attainment of a vague Soviet-Turkish understanding, not only overturned the Allied-imposed Treaty of Sévres, which had awarded to the Armenian republic much of the four eastern vilayets of Van, Bitlis, Diyarbakir, and Erzurum, but also restored to Turkish dominion the sanjaks of Kars and Ardahan, since 1878 parts of Russian or Eastern Armenia. What was more, Nationalist Turkey annexed the Surmalu district, embracing Mount Ararat, the historic symbol of the Armenian people. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Hovannisian, Richard G. |
author_facet |
Hovannisian, Richard G. |
author_sort |
Hovannisian, Richard G. |
title |
Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet–Turkish Entente |
title_short |
Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet–Turkish Entente |
title_full |
Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet–Turkish Entente |
title_fullStr |
Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet–Turkish Entente |
title_full_unstemmed |
Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet–Turkish Entente |
title_sort |
armenia and the caucasus in the genesis of the soviet–turkish entente |
publisher |
Cambridge University Press (CUP) |
publishDate |
1973 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800027409 https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0020743800027409 |
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ENVELOPE(161.117,161.117,-78.033,-78.033) |
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Fulcrum |
geographic_facet |
Fulcrum |
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sami |
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sami |
op_source |
International Journal of Middle East Studies volume 4, issue 2, page 129-147 ISSN 0020-7438 1471-6380 |
op_rights |
https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800027409 |
container_title |
International Journal of Middle East Studies |
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4 |
container_issue |
2 |
container_start_page |
129 |
op_container_end_page |
147 |
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