Diffusive-convection staircases in the polar oceans: the interplay between double diffusion and turbulence
Numerical simulations have been conducted to examine the structure of diffusive-convection staircases in the presence of vortical-mode-induced turbulent forcing. By modulating the input power $P$ and the background density ratio $R_\rho$ , we have identified three distinct types of staircase structu...
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Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2024.224 https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0022112024002246 |
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crcambridgeupr:10.1017/jfm.2024.224 2024-04-28T08:09:57+00:00 Diffusive-convection staircases in the polar oceans: the interplay between double diffusion and turbulence Ma, Yuchen Peltier, W.R. Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada 2024 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2024.224 https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0022112024002246 en eng Cambridge University Press (CUP) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Journal of Fluid Mechanics volume 984 ISSN 0022-1120 1469-7645 Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Materials Condensed Matter Physics Applied Mathematics journal-article 2024 crcambridgeupr https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2024.224 2024-04-09T06:56:10Z Numerical simulations have been conducted to examine the structure of diffusive-convection staircases in the presence of vortical-mode-induced turbulent forcing. By modulating the input power $P$ and the background density ratio $R_\rho$ , we have identified three distinct types of staircase structures in these simulations: namely staircases maintained in the system driven by double-diffusion, by turbulence or by a combination of both double-diffusion and turbulence. While we showed that staircases maintained in the double-diffusion-dominated system are accurately characterised by the existing model originally proposed by Linden & Shirtcliffe ( J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 87, no. 3, 1978, pp. 417–432), we introduced new physical models to describe the staircase structures maintained in the turbulence-dominated system and the system driven by both turbulence and double-diffusion. Our integrated model reveals that turbulence fundamentally governs the entire life cycle of the diffusive-convection staircases, encompassing their formation, maintenance and eventual disruption in the Arctic Ocean's thermohaline staircases. While our previous work of Ma & Peltier ( J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 931, 2022 b ) demonstrated that turbulence could initiate the formation of Arctic staircases, these staircases are sustained by both turbulence and double-diffusion acting together after formation has occurred. Strong turbulence may disrupt staircase structures; however, the presence of weak turbulence could lead to unstable stratification within mixed layers of the staircases, as well as enhancing vertical heat and salt fluxes. Turbulence can even sustain a stable staircase structure factor when $R_\rho$ is relatively large, following a similar mechanism to the density staircases observed in laboratory experiments. Consequently, previous parameterisations (e.g. Kelley, J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans , vol. 95, no. C3, 1990, pp. 3365–3371) on the vertical heat flux across the diffusive-convection staircases may provide a significant ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Cambridge University Press Journal of Fluid Mechanics 984 |
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Open Polar |
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Cambridge University Press |
op_collection_id |
crcambridgeupr |
language |
English |
topic |
Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Materials Condensed Matter Physics Applied Mathematics |
spellingShingle |
Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Materials Condensed Matter Physics Applied Mathematics Ma, Yuchen Peltier, W.R. Diffusive-convection staircases in the polar oceans: the interplay between double diffusion and turbulence |
topic_facet |
Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Materials Condensed Matter Physics Applied Mathematics |
description |
Numerical simulations have been conducted to examine the structure of diffusive-convection staircases in the presence of vortical-mode-induced turbulent forcing. By modulating the input power $P$ and the background density ratio $R_\rho$ , we have identified three distinct types of staircase structures in these simulations: namely staircases maintained in the system driven by double-diffusion, by turbulence or by a combination of both double-diffusion and turbulence. While we showed that staircases maintained in the double-diffusion-dominated system are accurately characterised by the existing model originally proposed by Linden & Shirtcliffe ( J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 87, no. 3, 1978, pp. 417–432), we introduced new physical models to describe the staircase structures maintained in the turbulence-dominated system and the system driven by both turbulence and double-diffusion. Our integrated model reveals that turbulence fundamentally governs the entire life cycle of the diffusive-convection staircases, encompassing their formation, maintenance and eventual disruption in the Arctic Ocean's thermohaline staircases. While our previous work of Ma & Peltier ( J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 931, 2022 b ) demonstrated that turbulence could initiate the formation of Arctic staircases, these staircases are sustained by both turbulence and double-diffusion acting together after formation has occurred. Strong turbulence may disrupt staircase structures; however, the presence of weak turbulence could lead to unstable stratification within mixed layers of the staircases, as well as enhancing vertical heat and salt fluxes. Turbulence can even sustain a stable staircase structure factor when $R_\rho$ is relatively large, following a similar mechanism to the density staircases observed in laboratory experiments. Consequently, previous parameterisations (e.g. Kelley, J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans , vol. 95, no. C3, 1990, pp. 3365–3371) on the vertical heat flux across the diffusive-convection staircases may provide a significant ... |
author2 |
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Ma, Yuchen Peltier, W.R. |
author_facet |
Ma, Yuchen Peltier, W.R. |
author_sort |
Ma, Yuchen |
title |
Diffusive-convection staircases in the polar oceans: the interplay between double diffusion and turbulence |
title_short |
Diffusive-convection staircases in the polar oceans: the interplay between double diffusion and turbulence |
title_full |
Diffusive-convection staircases in the polar oceans: the interplay between double diffusion and turbulence |
title_fullStr |
Diffusive-convection staircases in the polar oceans: the interplay between double diffusion and turbulence |
title_full_unstemmed |
Diffusive-convection staircases in the polar oceans: the interplay between double diffusion and turbulence |
title_sort |
diffusive-convection staircases in the polar oceans: the interplay between double diffusion and turbulence |
publisher |
Cambridge University Press (CUP) |
publishDate |
2024 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2024.224 https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0022112024002246 |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_source |
Journal of Fluid Mechanics volume 984 ISSN 0022-1120 1469-7645 |
op_rights |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2024.224 |
container_title |
Journal of Fluid Mechanics |
container_volume |
984 |
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1797578081914847232 |