Salmon Gill Poxvirus, the Deepest Representative of the Chordopoxvirinae

• Published in: Journal of Virology
• Main Authors: Gjessing, Mona C., Yutin, Natalya, Tengs, Torstein, Senkevich, Tania, Koonin, Eugene, Rønning, Hans Petter, Alarcon, Marta, Ylving, Sonja, Lie, Kai-Inge, Saure, Britt, Tran, Linh, Moss, Bernard, Dale, Ole Bendik
• Other Authors: McFadden, G.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: American Society for Microbiology 2015
• Subjects: Atlantic salmon
• Online Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01174-15; https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/JVI.01174-15

ABSTRACT Poxviruses are large DNA viruses of vertebrates and insects causing disease in many animal species, including reptiles, birds, and mammals. Although poxvirus-like particles were detected in diseased farmed koi carp, ayu, and Atlantic salmon, their genetic relationships to poxviruses were not established. Here, we provide the first genome sequence of a fish poxvirus, which was isolated from farmed Atlantic salmon. In the present study, we used quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry to determine aspects of salmon gill poxvirus disease, which are described here. The gill was the main target organ where immature and mature poxvirus particles were detected. The particles were detected in detaching, apoptotic respiratory epithelial cells preceding clinical disease in the form of lethargy, respiratory distress, and mortality. In moribund salmon, blocking of gas exchange would likely be caused by the adherence of respiratory lamellae and epithelial proliferation obstructing respiratory surfaces. The virus was not found in healthy salmon or in control fish with gill disease without apoptotic cells, although transmission remains to be demonstrated. PCR of archival tissue confirmed virus infection in 14 cases with gill apoptosis in Norway starting from 1995. Phylogenomic analyses showed that the fish poxvirus is the deepest available branch of chordopoxviruses. The virus genome encompasses most key chordopoxvirus genes that are required for genome replication and expression, although the gene order is substantially different from that in other chordopoxviruses. Nevertheless, many highly conserved chordopoxvirus genes involved in viral membrane biogenesis or virus-host interactions are missing. Instead, the salmon poxvirus carries numerous genes encoding unknown proteins, many of which have low sequence complexity and contain simple repeats suggestive of intrinsic disorder or distinct protein structures. IMPORTANCE Aquaculture is an increasingly important global source of high-quality food. To sustain the growth ...