The Phanerozoic Record of Global Sea-Level Change

• Published in: Science
• Main Authors: Miller, Kenneth G., Kominz, Michelle A., Browning, James V., Wright, James D., Mountain, Gregory S., Katz, Miriam E., Sugarman, Peter J., Cramer, Benjamin S., Christie-Blick, Nicholas, Pekar, Stephen F.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) 2005
• Subjects: Antarc*; Antarctic; Antarctica
• Online Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1116412; https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1116412

We review Phanerozoic sea-level changes [543 million years ago (Ma) to the present] on various time scales and present a new sea-level record for the past 100 million years (My). Long-term sea level peaked at 100 ± 50 meters during the Cretaceous, implying that ocean-crust production rates were much lower than previously inferred. Sea level mirrors oxygen isotope variations, reflecting ice-volume change on the 10 4 - to 10 6 -year scale, but a link between oxygen isotope and sea level on the 10 7 -year scale must be due to temperature changes that we attribute to tectonically controlled carbon dioxide variations. Sea-level change has influenced phytoplankton evolution, ocean chemistry, and the loci of carbonate, organic carbon, and siliciclastic sediment burial. Over the past 100 My, sea-level changes reflect global climate evolution from a time of ephemeral Antarctic ice sheets (100 to 33 Ma), through a time of large ice sheets primarily in Antarctica (33 to 2.5 Ma), to a world with large Antarctic and large, variable Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (2.5 Ma to the present).