Scientific method
}}The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century. The scientific method involves careful observation coupled with rigorous scepticism, because cognitive assumptions can distort the interpretation of the observation. Scientific inquiry includes creating a hypothesis through inductive reasoning, testing it through experiments and statistical analysis, and adjusting or discarding the hypothesis based on the results.
Although procedures vary between fields, the underlying process is often similar. The scientific method involves making conjectures (hypothetical explanations), predicting the logical consequences of hypothesis, then carrying out experiments or empirical observations based on those predictions. A hypothesis is a conjecture based on knowledge obtained while seeking answers to the question. Hypotheses can be very specific or broad but must be falsifiable, implying that it is possible to identify a possible outcome of an experiment or observation that conflicts with predictions deduced from the hypothesis; otherwise, the hypothesis cannot be meaningfully tested.
While the scientific method is often presented as a fixed sequence of steps, it actually represents a set of general principles. Not all steps take place in every scientific inquiry (nor to the same degree), and they are not always in the same order.
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4by Tarabukin PA Author-Workplace- Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment Yakutsk State Agricultural Academy Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, Russia, Machakhtyrova VA Author-Workplace- Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment Yakutsk State Agricultural Academy Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, Russia, Vladimirov LN Author-Workplace- Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment Yakutsk State Agricultural Academy Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, Russia, Machakhtyrov GN Author-Workplace- Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment Yakutsk State Agricultural Academy Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, Russia, Nifontov KR Author-Workplace- Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment Yakutsk State Agricultural Academy Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, Russia, Popova NV Author-Workplace- Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment Yakutsk State Agricultural Academy Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, RussiaGet access
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5by Seyednasrollah, Bijan, Young, Adam M., Hufkens, Koen Ghent Univ., Ghent . Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; National Centre for Scientific Research-Mixed Organizations , Paris, Milliman, Tom Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH . Earth Systems Research Center, Friedl, Mark A. Boston Univ., MA . Dept. of Earth and Environment, Frolking, Steve Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH . Earth Systems Research Center, Richardson, Andrew D. Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ . School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ . Center for Ecosystem Science and SocietyGet access
Published in Scientific Data (2023)
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6by Tokuhiro, Koki, Matsuno, Kohei, Onodera, Jonaotaro, Sampei, Makoto, Fujiwara, Amane, Harada, Naomi, Niehoff, Barbara, Nöthig, Eva-Maria, Yamaguchi, AtsushiContributors: “...Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research...”
Published in Journal of Plankton Research (2024)
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7by Kocken, Ilja Japhir, Nooteboom, Peter Dirk, van der Veen, Kasper, Müller, Inigo A, Meckler, Anna Nele, Ziegler, MartinContributors: “...Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research...”
Published 2022
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8Contributors: “...Hungarian Scientific Research Fund...”
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9by Chiba, Sanae, Batten, Sonia D., Yoshiki, Tomoko, Sasaki, Yuka, Sasaoka, Kosei, Sugisaki, Hiroya, Ichikawa, TadafumiContributors: “...JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research...”
Published in Ecology and Evolution (2015)
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10by Wakita, Masahide, Honda, Makio C., Matsumoto, Kazuhiko, Fujiki, Tetsuichi, Kawakami, Hajime, Yasunaka, Sayaka, Sasai, Yoshikazu, Sukigara, Chiho, Uchimiya, Mario, Kitamura, Minoru, Kobari, Toru, Mino, Yoshihisa, Nagano, Akira, Watanabe, Shuichi, Saino, ToshiroContributors: “...MEXT, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas...”
Published in Journal of Oceanography (2016)
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11by Versluijs, Tom S. L., Zhemchuzhnikov, Mikhail K., Kutcherov, Dmitry, Roslin, Tomas, Martin Schmidt, Niels, van Gils, Jan A., Reneerkens, JeroenContributors: “...Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research open grant...”
Published in PeerJ (2023)
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12by Ofstad, Siri, Zamelczyk, Katarzyna, Kimoto, Katsunori, Chierici, Melissa, Fransson, Agneta, Rasmussen, Tine LanderContributors: “...Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2021)
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13by Maat, Douwe S., Visser, Ronald J.W., Brussaard, Corina P.D.Contributors: “...Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research...”
Published in Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology (2019)
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14by van den Broeke, Michiel R., Kuipers Munneke, Peter, Noël, Brice, Reijmer, Carleen, Smeets, Paul, van de Berg, Willem Jan, van Wessem, J. MelchiorContributors: “...Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research...”
Published in PLOS Climate (2023)
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15by Matsuno, Kohei, Abe, Yoshiyuki, Yamaguchi, Atsushi, Kikuchi, TakashiContributors: “...Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research...”
Published in Polar Science (2016)
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16by Matsuno, Kohei, Landeira Sanchez, Jose M., Yamaguchi, Atsushi, Hirawake, Toru, Kikuchi, TakashiContributors: “...Scientific Research...”
Published in Polar Science (2016)
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17Contributors: “...Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)...”
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18by Xuanyu, Liu, Mengting, Jiang, Wenshuai, Zhang, Yudong, WangContributors: “...Scientific Research Fund Program of The Educational Department of Liaoning Province of China...”
Published in Engineering Research Express (2024)
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19by Liu, Xuanyu, Zhang, Wenshuai, Mengting, Jiang, Wang, Yudong, Ma, LiliContributors: “...The Basic Scientific Research Program of The Educational Department of Liaoning Province of China...”
Published in Measurement Science and Technology (2024)
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20by Qin, Yue, Bao, Ruixin, Shang, Liyan, Zhou, Li, Meng, Lingxin, Zhu, Wenhao, Zhu, Jian, Chen, YongContributors: “...Key Scientific Research Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education...”
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects (2022)
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