Monaco
![Rainier I](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Raniero_I_de_M%C3%B3naco.jpg)
With an area of , Monaco is the second-smallest sovereign state in the world, after Vatican City. Its population of 38,367 in 2023 makes it the most densely populated sovereign state. Monaco has the world's shortest coastline: . The principality is about from the border with Italy and consists of nine administrative wards, the largest of which is Monte Carlo.
The principality is governed under a form of constitutional monarchy, with Prince Albert II as head of state, who wields political power despite his constitutional status. The prime minister, who is the head of government, can be either a Monégasque or French citizen; the monarch consults with the Government of France before an appointment. Key members of the judiciary are detached French magistrates. The House of Grimaldi has ruled Monaco, with brief interruptions, since 1297. The state's sovereignty was officially recognised by the Franco-Monégasque Treaty of 1861, with Monaco becoming a full United Nations voting member in 1993. Despite Monaco's independence and separate foreign policy, its defence is the responsibility of France, besides maintenance of two small military units.
Monaco's economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with the opening of the state's first casino, the Monte Carlo Casino, and a rail connection to Paris. Monaco's mild climate, scenery, and gambling facilities have contributed to its status as a tourist destination and recreation centre for the rich. Monaco has become a major banking centre and sought to diversify into the services sector and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries. Monaco is a tax haven; it has no personal income tax (except for French citizens) and low business taxes. Over 30% of residents are millionaires, with real estate prices reaching €100,000 ($116,374) per square metre in 2018. Monaco is a global hub of money laundering, and in 2023 was placed under review by the intergovernmental Financial Action Task Force, with the threat of being placed on its 'grey list', for failures in financial supervision and reform to inhibit criminality and terrorism financing.
Monaco is not part of the European Union (EU), but participates in certain EU policies, including customs and border controls. Through its relationship with France, Monaco uses the euro as its sole currency. Monaco joined the Council of Europe in 2004 and is a member of the (OIF). It hosts the annual motor race, the Monaco Grand Prix, one of the original Grands Prix of Formula One. The local motorsports association gives its name to the Monte Carlo Rally, hosted in January in the French Alps. The principality has a club football team, AS Monaco, which competes in French Ligue 1 and been French champions on multiple occasions, and a basketball team, which plays in the EuroLeague. A centre of research into marine conservation, Monaco is home to one of the world's first protected marine habitats, an Oceanographic Museum, and the International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories, the only marine laboratory in the UN structure. Provided by Wikipedia
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1by Gwynn, Justin P., Heldal, Hilde Elise, Gäfvert, Torbjörn, Blinova, Oxana, Eriksson, Mats, Sværen, Ingrid, Brungot, Anne Lene, Strålberg, Elisabeth, Møller, Bredo, Rudjord, Anne LivContributors: “...Government of the Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Journal of Environmental Radioactivity (2012)
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2by Gori, Andrea, Tolosa, Imma, Orejas, Covadonga, Rueda, Lucía, Viladrich, Nuria, Grinyó, Jordi, Flögel, Sascha, Grover, Renaud, Ferrier-Pagès, ChristineContributors: “...Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers (2018)
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3by Pouil, Simon, Warnau, Michel, Oberhänsli, François, Teyssié, Jean‐Louis, Bustamante, Paco, Metian, MarcContributors: “...Government of the Principality of Monaco. M. Warnau...”
Published in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (2016)
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4by Pouil, Simon, Oberhänsli, François, Bustamante, Paco, Metian, MarcContributors: “...Government of the Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Marine Pollution Bulletin (2020)
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5by Lacoue-Labarthe, Thomas, Nunes, Paulo A.L.D., Ziveri, Patrizia, Cinar, Mine, Gazeau, Frédéric, Hall-Spencer, Jason M., Hilmi, Nathalie, Moschella, Paula, Safa, Alain, Sauzade, Didier, Turley, CarolContributors: “...Government of the Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Regional Studies in Marine Science (2016)
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6by Dorey, Narimane, Martin, Sophie, Oberhänsli, François, Teyssié, Jean-Louis, Jeffree, Ross, Lacoue-Labarthe, ThomasContributors: “...Government of the Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Journal of Environmental Radioactivity (2018)
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7by Pouil, Simon, Metian, Marc, Dupuy, Christine, Teyssié, Jean-Louis, Warnau, Michel, Bustamante, PacoContributors: “...Environment Laboratories by the Government of the Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Marine Environmental Research (2020)
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8by Lebrec, Marine, Stefanski, Stephanie, Gates, Ruth, Acar, Sevil, Golbuu, Yimmang, Claudel-Rusin, Astrid, Kurihara, Haruko, Rehdanz, Katrin, Paugam-Baudoin, Delphine, Tsunoda, Tomohiko, Swarzenski, Peter W.Contributors: “...Environment Laboratories by the Government of the Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Regional Studies in Marine Science (2019)
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9by Comeau, S., Tambutté, E., Carpenter, R. C., Edmunds, P. J., Evensen, N. R., Allemand, D., Ferrier-Pagès, C., Tambutté, S., Venn, A. A.Contributors: “...Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2017)
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10by Naumann, Malik S., Orejas, Covadonga, Ferrier-Pagès, ChristineContributors: “...Government of the Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (2014)
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11by El Rahman Hassoun, Abed, Bantelman, Ashley, Canu, Donata, Corneau, Steeve, Galdies, Charles, Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Giani, Michele, Grelaud, Michael, Hendriks, Iris E., Ibello, Valeria, Idrissi, Mohammed, Krasakopoulou, Evangelia, Shaltout, Nayrah, Solidoro, Cosimo, Swarzenski, Peter W., Ziveri, PatriziaContributors: “...Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2022)
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12by Gori, Andrea, Ferrier-Pagès, Christine, Hennige, Sebastian J., Murray, Fiona, Rottier, Cécile, Wicks, Laura C., Roberts, J. MurrayContributors: “...Government of the Principality of Monaco...”
Published in PeerJ (2016)
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13by Raposeiro, P. M., Hernández, Armand, Pla-Rabes, S., Gonçalves, Vítor, Bao, Roberto, Sáez, Alberto, Shanahan, T., Benavente-Marín, Mario, de Boer, E.J., Richter, Nora, Gordon, V., Marques, Helena, Sousa, Pedro M., Souto, Martín, Matias, Miguel G., Aguiar, Nicole, Pereira, Cátia Lúcio, Ritter, C., Rubio, M. J., Salcedo, Marina, Vázquez-Loureiro, D., Margalef, Olga, Amaral-Zettler, Linda, Costa, Ana Cristina, Huang, Yongsong, Van Leeuwen, Jaqueline FN, Masqué, Pere, Prego, R., Ruiz-Fernández, Ana Carolina, Sanchez-Cabeza, Joan-Albert, Trigo, Ricardo M., Giralt, SantiagoContributors: “...Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2021)
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14by López-Lora, Mercedes, Chamizo, Elena, Levy, Isabelle, Christl, M., Casacuberta, Nuria, Kenna, T.Contributors: “...Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2021)
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15by Frommel, Andrea Y., Brauner, Colin J., Allan, Bridie J.M., Nicol, Simon, Parsons, Darren M., Pether, Steve M.J., Setiawan, Alvin N., Smith, Neville, Munday, Philip L.Contributors: “...Government of New Zealand, and Principality of Monaco through the Pacific Islands Ocean...”
Published in PeerJ (2019)
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16by Bank, Michael S., Swarzenski, Peter W., Duarte, Carlos M., Rillig, Matthias C., Koelmans, Albert A., Metian, Marc, Wright, Stephanie, Provencher, Jennifer F., Sanden, Monica, Jordaan, Adrian, Wagner, Martin, Thiel, Martin, Ok, Yong SikContributors: “...International Atomic Energy Agency, Principality of Monaco 98000, Monaco...”
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2021)
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17by Garilli, V., Rodolfo-Metalpa, R., Scuderi, D., Brusca, L., Parrinello, D., Rastrick, S. P. S., Foggo, A., Twitchett, R. J., Hall-Spencer, J. M., Milazzo, M.Contributors: “..., Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er , 98000, Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Nature Climate Change (2015)
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18by Martin, Sophie, Richier, Sophie, Pedrotti, Maria-Luiza, Dupont, Sam, Castejon, Charlotte, Gerakis, Yannis, Kerros, Marie-Emmanuelle, Oberhaensli, Francois, Teyssié, Jean-Louis, Jeffree, Ross, Gattuso, Jean-PierreContributors: “...Government of the Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Journal of Experimental Biology (2011)
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19by Martin, Sophie, Richier, Sophie, Pedrotti, Maria-Luiza, Dupont, Sam, Castejon, Charlotte, Gerakis, Yannis, Kerros, Marie-Emmanuelle, Oberhaensli, Francois, Teyssié, Jean-Louis, Jeffree, Ross, Gattuso, Jean-PierreContributors: “...Government of the Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Journal of Experimental Biology (2011)
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20by Martin, Sophie, Richier, Sophie, Pedrotti, Maria-Luiza, Dupont, Sam, Castejon, Charlotte, Gerakis, Yannis, Kerros, Marie-Emmanuelle, Oberhaensli, Francois, Teyssié, Jean-Louis, Jeffree, Ross, Gattuso, Jean-PierreContributors: “...Government of the Principality of Monaco...”
Published in Journal of Experimental Biology (2011)
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