Électricité de France
Électricité de France SA (; literally ''Electricity of France''), commonly known as EDF, is a French multinational electric utility company owned by the government of France. Headquartered in Paris, with €139.7 billion in sales in 2023, EDF operates a diverse portfolio of at least 120 gigawatts of generation capacity in Europe, South America, North America, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.In 2009, EDF was the world's largest producer of electricity. Its 56 active nuclear reactors in France are spread out over 18 sites (18 nuclear power plants). They comprise 32 reactors of 900 MWe, 20 reactors of 1,300 MWe, and 4 reactors of 1,450 MWe, all PWRs.
EDF was created on 8 April 1946 by the 1945 parliament, from the merging of various divided actors. EDF led France's post-war energy growth, with a unique focus on civil nuclear energy, through reconstruction and further industrialization within the ''Trente Glorieuses'', being a flagship of France's new industrial landscape. In 2004, following integration into the European Common Market, EDF was privatized, although the government of France retained 84% equity. In 2017 EDF took over the majority of the reactor business Areva, in a French government-sponsored restructuring. That same year, following a wish to divest from nuclear energy, the possible closure of 17 of EDF's French nuclear power reactors by 2025 was announced. However, by 2022 this decision had been reversed, with the administration of president Emmanuel Macron announcing plans for a "nuclear renaissance", beginning with the projected construction of 6 EPR model 2 reactors with an option for 8 further reactors. Meanwhile, construction is ongoing on EPR model 1 reactors in France and Britain.
Following privatization, decades of under-investment and the 2021–2022 global energy crisis, the French government announced the full renationalisation of the company for an estimated cost of €5 billion, which it completed on the 8th June 2023. Provided by Wikipedia
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1Contributors: “...Fondation Electricite’ de France (EDF), Laboratoire Genie Industriel, CentraleSupélec, Université...”
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2Contributors: “...Fondation Electricite’ de France (EDF), Laboratoire Genie Industriel, CentraleSupélec, Université...”
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3by Larroudé, S., Massei, Nicolas, Reyes-Marchant, P., Delattre, C., Humbert, J.F.Contributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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4by Larroudé, S., Massei, Nicolas, Reyes-Marchant, P., Delattre, C., Humbert, J.F.Contributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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5by Larroudé, S., Massei, Nicolas, Reyes-Marchant, P., Delattre, C., Humbert, J.F.Contributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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6by Larroudé, S., Massei, Nicolas, Reyes-Marchant, P., Delattre, C., Humbert, J.F.Contributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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7by Larroudé, S., Massei, Nicolas, Reyes-Marchant, P., Delattre, C., Humbert, J.F.Contributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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8by Larroudé, S., Massei, Nicolas, Reyes-Marchant, P., Delattre, C., Humbert, J.F.Contributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
Published in Global Change Biology (2013)
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9by Larroudé, S., Massei, Nicolas, Reyes-Marchant, P., Delattre, C., Humbert, J.F.Contributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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10by Larroudé, S., Massei, Nicolas, Reyes-Marchant, P., Delattre, C., Humbert, J.F.Contributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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11by Arevalo, Elorri, Maire, Anthony, Tétard, Stéphane, Prévost, Etienne, Lange, Frédéric, Marchand, Frédéric, Josset, Quentin, Drouineau, HilaireContributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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12by Arevalo, Elorri, Maire, Anthony, Tétard, Stéphane, Prévost, Etienne, Lange, Frédéric, Marchand, Frédéric, Josset, Quentin, Drouineau, HilaireContributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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13by Arevalo, Elorri, Maire, Anthony, Tétard, Stéphane, Prévost, Etienne, Lange, Frédéric, Marchand, Frédéric, Josset, Quentin, Drouineau, HilaireContributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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14by Arevalo, Elorri, Maire, Anthony, Tétard, Stéphane, Prévost, Etienne, Lange, Frédéric, Marchand, Frédéric, Josset, Quentin, Drouineau, HilaireContributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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15by Arevalo, Elorri, Maire, Anthony, Tétard, Stéphane, Prévost, Etienne, Lange, Frédéric, Marchand, Frédéric, Josset, Quentin, Drouineau, HilaireContributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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16by Arevalo, Elorri, Maire, Anthony, Tétard, Stéphane, Prévost, Etienne, Lange, Frédéric, Marchand, Frédéric, Josset, Quentin, Drouineau, HilaireContributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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17by Arevalo, Elorri, Maire, Anthony, Tétard, Stéphane, Prévost, Etienne, Lange, Frédéric, Marchand, Frédéric, Josset, Quentin, Drouineau, HilaireContributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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18by Arevalo, Elorri, Maire, Anthony, Tétard, Stéphane, Prévost, Etienne, Lange, Frédéric, Marchand, Frédéric, Josset, Quentin, Drouineau, HilaireContributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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19by Arevalo, Elorri, Maire, Anthony, Tétard, Stéphane, Prévost, Etienne, Lange, Frédéric, Marchand, Frédéric, Josset, Quentin, Drouineau, HilaireContributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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20by Arevalo, Elorri, Maire, Anthony, Tétard, Stéphane, Prévost, Etienne, Lange, Frédéric, Marchand, Frédéric, Josset, Quentin, Drouineau, HilaireContributors: “...Electricite de France (EDF)...”
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