Emperor Gaozong of Tang
Emperor Gaozong of Tang (21 July 628 – 27 December 683), personal name Li Zhi, was the third emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty, ruling from 649 to 683; after January 665, he handed power over the empire to his second wife Empress Wu (the future Wu Zetian), and her decrees were carried out with greater force than the decrees of Emperor Gaozong's. Emperor Gaozong was the youngest son of Emperor Taizong and Empress Zhangsun; his elder brothers were Li Chengqian and Li Tai.Emperor Gaozong's reign saw the primacy of Empress Wu, who became the effective power behind the Tang rule. Emperor Gaozong was aided in his rule by Empress Wu during the later years of his reign after a series of strokes left him incapacitated. Emperor Gaozong effectively after January 665 delegated all matters of state to his strong wife; after that Empress Wu acted as the power behind the emperor, "hanging the curtain and listening to politics" (''Chuílián tīngzhèng'' 垂簾聼政). Gaozong's personal illness, over-affection and trust of Wu led to her wielding a great deal of power in affairs of state until the end of his reign while exerting her influence on him. Empress Wu was partially in control of power from November 660 and then totally from January 665 to December 683; there was an equality of power between Gaozong and Wu, which caused them to be called "two saints" (二聖, Er Sheng, literally two emperors) both inside and outside. After Emperor Gaozong died in December 683, power fell completely and solely into the hands of Empress Wu, acting as Empress Dowager-regent, "presiding over court and issuing edicts" (''lin chao chengzhi'' 臨朝稱制); she subsequently became the only empress regnant in Chinese history. After his death, he was interred at the Qian Mausoleum along with Wu Zetian.
During the first part of his reign, Tang territorial gains, which started with his father Emperor Taizong, continued, including the conquest of Baekje, Goguryeo, and the Western Turkic Khaganate, but throughout the 670s, much of those gains were lost to the Tibetan Empire, Silla, Khitans, and Balhae. Further, territory previously conquered that belonged to both the Göktürks and the Western Turkic Khaganate were subjected to repeated rebellions. Provided by Wikipedia
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62by Geng, Yan, Wang, Yonghui, Yang, Kuo, Wang, Shaopeng, Zeng, Hui, Baumann, Frank, Kuehn, Peter, Scholten, Thomas, He, Jin-ShengGet access
Published in PLoS ONE (2012)
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63by Geng, Yan, Wang, Yonghui, Yang, Kuo, Wang, Shaopeng, Zeng, Hui, Baumann, Frank, Kuehn, Peter, Scholten, Thomas, He, Jin-ShengGet access
Published 2012
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64by Yonghui Zeng (4638538), Nupur (9990398), Naicheng Wu (5568245), Anne Mette Madsen (9990401), Xihan Chen (1772767), Alastair T. Gardiner (1336869), Michal Koblížek (204508)Get access
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66by Yonghui Zeng (4638538), Nupur (9990398), Naicheng Wu (5568245), Anne Mette Madsen (9990401), Xihan Chen (1772767), Alastair T. Gardiner (1336869), Michal Koblížek (204508)Get access
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67by Yonghui Zeng (4638538), Nupur (9990398), Naicheng Wu (5568245), Anne Mette Madsen (9990401), Xihan Chen (1772767), Alastair T. Gardiner (1336869), Michal Koblížek (204508)Get access
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68by Yonghui Zeng (4638538), Nupur (9990398), Naicheng Wu (5568245), Anne Mette Madsen (9990401), Xihan Chen (1772767), Alastair T. Gardiner (1336869), Michal Koblížek (204508)Get access
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69by Pi Guo, Tao Liu, Qin Zhang, Li Wang, Jianpeng Xiao, Qingying Zhang, Ganfeng Luo, Zhihao Li, Jianfeng He, Yonghui Zhang, Wenjun MaGet access
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70by Yonghui Zeng, Xihan Chen, Anne Mette Madsen, Athanasios Zervas, Tue Kjærgaard Nielsen, Adrian-Stefan Andrei, Lars Chresten Lund-Hansen, Yongqin Liu, Lars Hestbjerg HansenGet access
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73by Zeng, Yonghui, Chen, Xihan, Madsen, Anne Mette, Zervas, Athanasios, Nielsen, Tue Kjærgaard, Andrei, Adrian Stefan, Lund-Hansen, Lars Chresten, Liu, Yongqin, Hansen, Lars HestbjergGet access
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74by Zeng, Yonghui, Chen, Xihan, Madsen, Anne Mette, Zervas, Athanasios, Nielsen, Tue Kjærgaard, Andrei, Adrian-Stefan, Lund-Hansen, Lars Chresten, Liu, Yongqin, Hansen, Lars HestbjergGet access
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75by Zeng, Yonghui, Chen, Xihan, Madsen, Anne Mette, Zervas, Athanasios, Nielsen, Tue Kjærgaard, Andrei, Adrian-Stefan, Lund-Hansen, Lars Chresten, Liu, Yongqin, Hansen, Lars HestbjergGet access
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76by Wang, Yonghui, Liu, Huiying, Chung, Haegeun, Yu, Lingfei, Mi, Zhaorong, Geng, Yan, Jing, Xin, Wang, Shiping, Zeng, Hui, Cao, Guangmin, Zhao, Xinquan, He, Jin-ShengGet access
Published 2014
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77by Wang, Yonghui, Liu, Huiying, Chung, Haegeun, Yu, Lingfei, Mi, Zhaorong, Geng, Yan, Jing, Xin, Wang, Shiping, Zeng, Hui, Cao, Guangmin, Zhao, Xinquan, He, Jin-ShengGet access
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2014)
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78by Wang, Yonghui, Liu, Huiying, Chung, Haegeun, Yu, Lingfei, Mi, Zhaorong, Geng, Yan, Jing, Xin, Wang, Shiping, Zeng, Hui, Cao, Guangmin, Zhao, Xinquan, He, Jin-ShengGet access
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79by Wang, Yonghui, Liu, Huiying, Chung, Haegeun, Yu, Lingfei, Mi, Zhaorong, Geng, Yan, Jing, Xin, Wang, Shiping, Zeng, Hui, Cao, Guangmin, Zhao, Xinquan, He, Jin-ShengGet access
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80by Wang, Yonghui, Liu, Huiying, Chung, Haegeun, Yu, Lingfei, Mi, Zhaorong, Geng, Yan, Jing, Xin, Wang, Shiping, Zeng, Hui, Cao, Guangmin, Zhao, Xinquan, He, Jin-ShengGet access
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