United States
![[[Cliff Palace](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Extreme_Makeover%2C_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg)
Coastal/territorial waters included:
Only internal waters included: |name=largestcountry}} second-largest exclusive economic zone, and third-largest population, exceeding 334 million.
Paleo-Indians migrated across the Bering land bridge more than 12,000 years ago, and went on to form various civilizations and societies. British colonization led to the first settlement of the Thirteen Colonies in Virginia in 1607. Clashes with the British Crown over taxation and political representation sparked the American Revolution, with the Second Continental Congress formally declaring independence on July 4, 1776. Following its victory in the 1775–1783 Revolutionary War, the country continued to expand across North America. As more states were admitted, a North-South sectional division over slavery led to the secession of the Confederate States of America, which fought the remaining states of the Union during the 1861–1865 American Civil War. With the Union's victory and preservation, slavery was abolished nationally. By 1890, the United States had established itself as a great power. After Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. entered World War II. The aftermath of the war left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as the world's two superpowers and led to the Cold War, during which both countries engaged in a struggle for ideological dominance and international influence. Following the Soviet Union's collapse and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the U.S. emerged as the world's sole superpower, wielding significant geopolitical influence globally.
The U.S. national government is a presidential constitutional federal republic and liberal democracy with three separate branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. It has a bicameral national legislature composed of the House of Representatives, a lower house based on population; and the Senate, an upper house based on equal representation for each state. Substantial autonomy is provided by federalism, with a political culture promoting liberty, equality, individualism, personal autonomy, and limited government.
One of the world's most developed countries, the United States has had the largest nominal GDP since about 1890 and accounted for 15% of the global economy in 2023. It possesses by far the largest amount of wealth of any country and has the highest disposable household income per capita among OECD countries. The U.S. ranks among the world's highest in economic competitiveness, productivity, innovation, human rights, and higher education. Its hard power and cultural influence have a global reach. The U.S. is a founding member of the World Bank, Organization of American States, NATO, and United Nations, as well as a permanent member of the UN Security Council. Provided by Wikipedia
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6081by Carry, Benoit, Vernazza, P., Vachier, F., Neveu, M., Berthier, J., Hanuš, J., Ferrais, M., Jorda, Laurent, Marsset, M., Viikinkoski, M., Bartczak, P., Behrend, R., Benkhaldoun, Z., Birlan, M, Castillo-Rogez, J., Cipriani, F., Colas, F, Drouard, A., Dudziński, G., Desmars, J., Dumas, C., Ďurech, J., Fetick, R., Fusco, T., Grice, J., Jehin, E., Kaasalainen, M., Kryszczynska, A., Lamy, Philippe, Marchis, F., Marciniak, A., Michalowski, T., Michel, P., Pajuelo, M., Podlewska-Gaca, E., Rambaux, N., Santana-Ros, T., Storrs, A., Tanga, P., Vigan, A., Warner, B., Wieczorek, M., Witasse, Olivier, Yang, BinContributors: “...Towson University Towson, MD, United States...”
Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2021)
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6082by Grotzinger, J. P., Sumner, D. Y., Kah, L. C., Stack, K., Gupta, S., Edgar, L., Rubin, D., Lewis, K., Schieber, J., Mangold, N., Milliken, R., Conrad, P. G., Desmarais, D., Farmer, J., Siebach, K., Calef, F., Hurowitz, J., Mclennan, S. M., Ming, D., Vaniman, D., Crisp, J., Vasavada, A., Edgett, K. S., Malin, M., Blake, D., Gellert, R., Mahaffy, P., Wiens, R. C., Maurice, S., Grant, J. A., Wilson, Shelby, Anderson, R. C., Beegle, L., Arvidson, R., Hallet, B., Sletten, R. S., Rice, M., Bell, J., Griffes, J., Ehlmann, B., Anderson, R. B., Bristow, T. F., Dietrich, W. E., Dromart, G., Eigenbrode, J., Fraeman, A., Hardgrove, C., Herkenhoff, K., Jandura, L., Kocurek, G., Lee, S., Leshin, L. A., Leveille, R., Limonadi, D., Maki, J., Mccloskey, S., Meyer, M., Minitti, M., Newsom, H., Oehler, D., Okon, A., Palucis, M., Parker, T., Rowland, S., Schmidt, M., Squyres, S., Steele, A., Stolper, E., Summons, R., Treiman, A., Williams, R., Yingst, A., Fabre, C.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Science (2014)
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6083by Grotzinger, J. P., Sumner, D. Y., Kah, L. C., Stack, K., Gupta, S., Edgar, L., Rubin, D., Lewis, K., Schieber, J., Mangold, N., Milliken, R., Conrad, P. G., Desmarais, D., Farmer, J., Siebach, K., Calef, F., Hurowitz, J., Mclennan, S. M., Ming, D., Vaniman, D., Crisp, J., Vasavada, A., Edgett, K. S., Malin, M., Blake, D., Gellert, R., Mahaffy, P., Wiens, R. C., Maurice, S., Grant, J. A., Wilson, Shelby, Anderson, R. C., Beegle, L., Arvidson, R., Hallet, B., Sletten, R. S., Rice, M., Bell, J., Griffes, J., Ehlmann, B., Anderson, R. B., Bristow, T. F., Dietrich, W. E., Dromart, G., Eigenbrode, J., Fraeman, A., Hardgrove, C., Herkenhoff, K., Jandura, L., Kocurek, G., Lee, S., Leshin, L. A., Leveille, R., Limonadi, D., Maki, J., Mccloskey, S., Meyer, M., Minitti, M., Newsom, H., Oehler, D., Okon, A., Palucis, M., Parker, T., Rowland, S., Schmidt, M., Squyres, S., Steele, A., Stolper, E., Summons, R., Treiman, A., Williams, R., Yingst, A., Fabre, C.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Science (2014)
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6084by Levin, L. A., Liu, K. K., Emeis, K.C., Breitburg, D.L., Cloern, James E., Deutsch, C., Giani, M., Goffart, A., Hofmann, E.E., Lachkar, Z., Limburg, K., Liu, S.M., Montes, E., Navqi, W., Ragueneau, Olivier, Rabouille, C., Sarkar, S.-K., Swaney, D.P., Wassman, P., Wishner, K. F.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Journal of Marine Systems (2015)
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6085by Koven, C.D, Schuur, E.A.G., Schädel, C, Bohn, T. J, Burke, E.J., Chen, G., Chen, X, Ciais, Philippe, Grosse, G, Harden, J.W, Hayes, D.J, Hugelius, G, Jafarov, E.E, Krinner, G, Kuhry, P, Lawrence, D.M., Macdougall, A.H, Marchenko, S.S, Mcguire, A.D, Natali, S.M, Nicolsky, D. J., Olefeldt, D, Peng, S, Romanovsky, V. E., Schaefer, K.M, Strauss, J, Treat, C.C, Turetsky, M.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (2015)
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6086by Koven, C.D, Schuur, E.A.G., Schädel, C, Bohn, T. J, Burke, E.J., Chen, G., Chen, X, Ciais, Philippe, Grosse, G, Harden, J.W, Hayes, D.J, Hugelius, G, Jafarov, E.E, Krinner, G, Kuhry, P, Lawrence, D.M., Macdougall, A.H, Marchenko, S.S, Mcguire, A.D, Natali, S.M, Nicolsky, D. J., Olefeldt, D, Peng, S, Romanovsky, V. E., Schaefer, K.M, Strauss, J, Treat, C.C, Turetsky, M.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (2015)
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6087by Koven, C.D, Schuur, E.A.G., Schädel, C, Bohn, T. J, Burke, E.J., Chen, G., Chen, X, Ciais, Philippe, Grosse, G, Harden, J.W, Hayes, D.J, Hugelius, G, Jafarov, E.E, Krinner, G, Kuhry, P, Lawrence, D.M., Macdougall, A.H, Marchenko, S.S, Mcguire, A.D, Natali, S.M, Nicolsky, D. J., Olefeldt, D, Peng, S, Romanovsky, V. E., Schaefer, K.M, Strauss, J, Treat, C.C, Turetsky, M.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (2015)
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6088by Levin, L. A., Liu, K. K., Emeis, K.C., Breitburg, D.L., Cloern, James E., Deutsch, C., Giani, M., Goffart, A., Hofmann, E.E., Lachkar, Z., Limburg, K., Liu, S.M., Montes, E., Navqi, W., Ragueneau, Olivier, Rabouille, C., Sarkar, S.-K., Swaney, D.P., Wassman, P., Wishner, K. F.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Journal of Marine Systems (2015)
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6089by Levin, L. A., Liu, K. K., Emeis, K.C., Breitburg, D.L., Cloern, James E., Deutsch, C., Giani, M., Goffart, A., Hofmann, E.E., Lachkar, Z., Limburg, K., Liu, S.M., Montes, E., Navqi, W., Ragueneau, Olivier, Rabouille, C., Sarkar, S.-K., Swaney, D.P., Wassman, P., Wishner, K. F.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Journal of Marine Systems (2015)
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6090by Koven, C.D, Schuur, E.A.G., Schädel, C, Bohn, T. J, Burke, E.J., Chen, G., Chen, X, Ciais, Philippe, Grosse, G, Harden, J.W, Hayes, D.J, Hugelius, G, Jafarov, E.E, Krinner, G, Kuhry, P, Lawrence, D.M., Macdougall, A.H, Marchenko, S.S, Mcguire, A.D, Natali, S.M, Nicolsky, D. J., Olefeldt, D, Peng, S, Romanovsky, V. E., Schaefer, K.M, Strauss, J, Treat, C.C, Turetsky, M.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (2015)
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6091by Grotzinger, J. P., Sumner, D. Y., Kah, L. C., Stack, K., Gupta, S., Edgar, L., Rubin, D., Lewis, K., Schieber, J., Mangold, N., Milliken, R., Conrad, P. G., Desmarais, D., Farmer, J., Siebach, K., Calef, F., Hurowitz, J., Mclennan, S. M., Ming, D., Vaniman, D., Crisp, J., Vasavada, A., Edgett, K. S., Malin, M., Blake, D., Gellert, R., Mahaffy, P., Wiens, R. C., Maurice, S., Grant, J. A., Wilson, Shelby, Anderson, R. C., Beegle, L., Arvidson, R., Hallet, B., Sletten, R. S., Rice, M., Bell, J., Griffes, J., Ehlmann, B., Anderson, R. B., Bristow, T. F., Dietrich, W. E., Dromart, G., Eigenbrode, J., Fraeman, A., Hardgrove, C., Herkenhoff, K., Jandura, L., Kocurek, G., Lee, S., Leshin, L. A., Leveille, R., Limonadi, D., Maki, J., Mccloskey, S., Meyer, M., Minitti, M., Newsom, H., Oehler, D., Okon, A., Palucis, M., Parker, T., Rowland, S., Schmidt, M., Squyres, S., Steele, A., Stolper, E., Summons, R., Treiman, A., Williams, R., Yingst, A., Fabre, C.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Science (2014)
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6092by Grotzinger, J. P., Sumner, D. Y., Kah, L. C., Stack, K., Gupta, S., Edgar, L., Rubin, D., Lewis, K., Schieber, J., Mangold, N., Milliken, R., Conrad, P. G., Desmarais, D., Farmer, J., Siebach, K., Calef, F., Hurowitz, J., Mclennan, S. M., Ming, D., Vaniman, D., Crisp, J., Vasavada, A., Edgett, K. S., Malin, M., Blake, D., Gellert, R., Mahaffy, P., Wiens, R. C., Maurice, S., Grant, J. A., Wilson, Shelby, Anderson, R. C., Beegle, L., Arvidson, R., Hallet, B., Sletten, R. S., Rice, M., Bell, J., Griffes, J., Ehlmann, B., Anderson, R. B., Bristow, T. F., Dietrich, W. E., Dromart, G., Eigenbrode, J., Fraeman, A., Hardgrove, C., Herkenhoff, K., Jandura, L., Kocurek, G., Lee, S., Leshin, L. A., Leveille, R., Limonadi, D., Maki, J., Mccloskey, S., Meyer, M., Minitti, M., Newsom, H., Oehler, D., Okon, A., Palucis, M., Parker, T., Rowland, S., Schmidt, M., Squyres, S., Steele, A., Stolper, E., Summons, R., Treiman, A., Williams, R., Yingst, A., Fabre, C.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Science (2014)
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6093by Grotzinger, J. P., Sumner, D. Y., Kah, L. C., Stack, K., Gupta, S., Edgar, L., Rubin, D., Lewis, K., Schieber, J., Mangold, N., Milliken, R., Conrad, P. G., Desmarais, D., Farmer, J., Siebach, K., Calef, F., Hurowitz, J., Mclennan, S. M., Ming, D., Vaniman, D., Crisp, J., Vasavada, A., Edgett, K. S., Malin, M., Blake, D., Gellert, R., Mahaffy, P., Wiens, R. C., Maurice, S., Grant, J. A., Wilson, Shelby, Anderson, R. C., Beegle, L., Arvidson, R., Hallet, B., Sletten, R. S., Rice, M., Bell, J., Griffes, J., Ehlmann, B., Anderson, R. B., Bristow, T. F., Dietrich, W. E., Dromart, G., Eigenbrode, J., Fraeman, A., Hardgrove, C., Herkenhoff, K., Jandura, L., Kocurek, G., Lee, S., Leshin, L. A., Leveille, R., Limonadi, D., Maki, J., Mccloskey, S., Meyer, M., Minitti, M., Newsom, H., Oehler, D., Okon, A., Palucis, M., Parker, T., Rowland, S., Schmidt, M., Squyres, S., Steele, A., Stolper, E., Summons, R., Treiman, A., Williams, R., Yingst, A., Fabre, C.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Science (2014)
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6094by Grotzinger, J. P., Sumner, D. Y., Kah, L. C., Stack, K., Gupta, S., Edgar, L., Rubin, D., Lewis, K., Schieber, J., Mangold, N., Milliken, R., Conrad, P. G., Desmarais, D., Farmer, J., Siebach, K., Calef, F., Hurowitz, J., Mclennan, S. M., Ming, D., Vaniman, D., Crisp, J., Vasavada, A., Edgett, K. S., Malin, M., Blake, D., Gellert, R., Mahaffy, P., Wiens, R. C., Maurice, S., Grant, J. A., Wilson, Shelby, Anderson, R. C., Beegle, L., Arvidson, R., Hallet, B., Sletten, R. S., Rice, M., Bell, J., Griffes, J., Ehlmann, B., Anderson, R. B., Bristow, T. F., Dietrich, W. E., Dromart, G., Eigenbrode, J., Fraeman, A., Hardgrove, C., Herkenhoff, K., Jandura, L., Kocurek, G., Lee, S., Leshin, L. A., Leveille, R., Limonadi, D., Maki, J., Mccloskey, S., Meyer, M., Minitti, M., Newsom, H., Oehler, D., Okon, A., Palucis, M., Parker, T., Rowland, S., Schmidt, M., Squyres, S., Steele, A., Stolper, E., Summons, R., Treiman, A., Williams, R., Yingst, A., Fabre, C.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Science (2014)
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6095by Grotzinger, J. P., Sumner, D. Y., Kah, L. C., Stack, K., Gupta, S., Edgar, L., Rubin, D., Lewis, K., Schieber, J., Mangold, N., Milliken, R., Conrad, P. G., Desmarais, D., Farmer, J., Siebach, K., Calef, F., Hurowitz, J., Mclennan, S. M., Ming, D., Vaniman, D., Crisp, J., Vasavada, A., Edgett, K. S., Malin, M., Blake, D., Gellert, R., Mahaffy, P., Wiens, R. C., Maurice, S., Grant, J. A., Wilson, Shelby, Anderson, R. C., Beegle, L., Arvidson, R., Hallet, B., Sletten, R. S., Rice, M., Bell, J., Griffes, J., Ehlmann, B., Anderson, R. B., Bristow, T. F., Dietrich, W. E., Dromart, G., Eigenbrode, J., Fraeman, A., Hardgrove, C., Herkenhoff, K., Jandura, L., Kocurek, G., Lee, S., Leshin, L. A., Leveille, R., Limonadi, D., Maki, J., Mccloskey, S., Meyer, M., Minitti, M., Newsom, H., Oehler, D., Okon, A., Palucis, M., Parker, T., Rowland, S., Schmidt, M., Squyres, S., Steele, A., Stolper, E., Summons, R., Treiman, A., Williams, R., Yingst, A., Fabre, C.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Science (2014)
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6096by Grotzinger, J. P., Sumner, D. Y., Kah, L. C., Stack, K., Gupta, S., Edgar, L., Rubin, D., Lewis, K., Schieber, J., Mangold, N., Milliken, R., Conrad, P. G., Desmarais, D., Farmer, J., Siebach, K., Calef, F., Hurowitz, J., Mclennan, S. M., Ming, D., Vaniman, D., Crisp, J., Vasavada, A., Edgett, K. S., Malin, M., Blake, D., Gellert, R., Mahaffy, P., Wiens, R. C., Maurice, S., Grant, J. A., Wilson, Shelby, Anderson, R. C., Beegle, L., Arvidson, R., Hallet, B., Sletten, R. S., Rice, M., Bell, J., Griffes, J., Ehlmann, B., Anderson, R. B., Bristow, T. F., Dietrich, W. E., Dromart, G., Eigenbrode, J., Fraeman, A., Hardgrove, C., Herkenhoff, K., Jandura, L., Kocurek, G., Lee, S., Leshin, L. A., Leveille, R., Limonadi, D., Maki, J., Mccloskey, S., Meyer, M., Minitti, M., Newsom, H., Oehler, D., Okon, A., Palucis, M., Parker, T., Rowland, S., Schmidt, M., Squyres, S., Steele, A., Stolper, E., Summons, R., Treiman, A., Williams, R., Yingst, A., Fabre, C.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Science (2014)
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6097by Grotzinger, J. P., Sumner, D. Y., Kah, L. C., Stack, K., Gupta, S., Edgar, L., Rubin, D., Lewis, K., Schieber, J., Mangold, N., Milliken, R., Conrad, P. G., Desmarais, D., Farmer, J., Siebach, K., Calef, F., Hurowitz, J., Mclennan, S. M., Ming, D., Vaniman, D., Crisp, J., Vasavada, A., Edgett, K. S., Malin, M., Blake, D., Gellert, R., Mahaffy, P., Wiens, R. C., Maurice, S., Grant, J. A., Wilson, Shelby, Anderson, R. C., Beegle, L., Arvidson, R., Hallet, B., Sletten, R. S., Rice, M., Bell, J., Griffes, J., Ehlmann, B., Anderson, R. B., Bristow, T. F., Dietrich, W. E., Dromart, G., Eigenbrode, J., Fraeman, A., Hardgrove, C., Herkenhoff, K., Jandura, L., Kocurek, G., Lee, S., Leshin, L. A., Leveille, R., Limonadi, D., Maki, J., Mccloskey, S., Meyer, M., Minitti, M., Newsom, H., Oehler, D., Okon, A., Palucis, M., Parker, T., Rowland, S., Schmidt, M., Squyres, S., Steele, A., Stolper, E., Summons, R., Treiman, A., Williams, R., Yingst, A., Fabre, C.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Science (2014)
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6098by Levin, L. A., Liu, K. K., Emeis, K.C., Breitburg, D.L., Cloern, James E., Deutsch, C., Giani, M., Goffart, A., Hofmann, E.E., Lachkar, Z., Limburg, K., Liu, S.M., Montes, E., Navqi, W., Ragueneau, Olivier, Rabouille, C., Sarkar, S.-K., Swaney, D.P., Wassman, P., Wishner, K. F.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Journal of Marine Systems (2015)
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6099by Koven, C.D, Schuur, E.A.G., Schädel, C, Bohn, T. J, Burke, E.J., Chen, G., Chen, X, Ciais, Philippe, Grosse, G, Harden, J.W, Hayes, D.J, Hugelius, G, Jafarov, E.E, Krinner, G, Kuhry, P, Lawrence, D.M., Macdougall, A.H, Marchenko, S.S, Mcguire, A.D, Natali, S.M, Nicolsky, D. J., Olefeldt, D, Peng, S, Romanovsky, V. E., Schaefer, K.M, Strauss, J, Treat, C.C, Turetsky, M.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (2015)
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6100by Levin, L. A., Liu, K. K., Emeis, K.C., Breitburg, D.L., Cloern, James E., Deutsch, C., Giani, M., Goffart, A., Hofmann, E.E., Lachkar, Z., Limburg, K., Liu, S.M., Montes, E., Navqi, W., Ragueneau, Olivier, Rabouille, C., Sarkar, S.-K., Swaney, D.P., Wassman, P., Wishner, K. F.Contributors: “...United States Geological Survey Reston (USGS)...”
Published in Journal of Marine Systems (2015)
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