United Kingdom
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The lands of the UK have been inhabited continuously since the Neolithic. In AD 43 the Roman conquest of Britain began; the Roman departure was followed by Anglo-Saxon settlement. In 1066, the Normans conquered England. With the end of the Wars of the Roses the English state stabilised and began to grow in power, resulting by the 16th century in the annexation of Wales, the domination of Scotland, and the establishment of the British Empire. Over the course of the 17th century, the role of the British monarchy was reduced, particularly as a result of the English Civil War. In 1707, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Acts of Union 1800 incorporated the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. Most of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 as the Irish Free State, and the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 created the present United Kingdom.
The UK became the first industrialised country and was the world's foremost power for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly during the "Pax Britannica" between 1815 and 1914. At its height in the 1920s, the British Empire encompassed almost a quarter of the world's landmass and population, and was the largest empire in history. However, its involvement in the First World War and the Second World War damaged Britain's economic power and a global wave of decolonisation led to the independence of most British colonies.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.}} The UK has three distinct jurisdictions: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Since 1999, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own governments and parliaments which control various devolved matters. The UK is a developed country and has the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product (GDP). It is a nuclear state, and is ranked fourth globally in military expenditure. The UK has been a permanent member of the UN Security Council since its first session in 1946. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Council of Europe, G7, OECD, NATO, Five Eyes, AUKUS and CPTPP. British influence can be observed in the legal and political systems of many of its former colonies, and British culture remains globally influential, particularly in language, literature, music and sport. English is the world's most widely spoken language and the third-most spoken native language. Provided by Wikipedia
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101by Bongiovanni, Cassandra, Stewart, Heather A., Jamieson, Alan J.Contributors: “...Government of the United Kingdom...”
Published in Geoscience Data Journal (2021)
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102by Martin, Stephanie M., Soeffker, Marta, Schofield, Andy, Hobbs, Rhys, Glass, Trevor, Morley, Simon A.Contributors: “...Government of the United Kingdom...”
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2021)
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103by Wadhams, PeterContributors: “...SCOTT POLAR RESEARCH INST CAMBRIDGE (UNITED KINGDOM)...”
Published 2000
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104by Miller,PatrickContributors: “...University of Saint Andrews Saint Andrews United Kingdom...”
Published 2015
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105Contributors: “...NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL LONDON (UNITED KINGDOM)...”
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106by Parker, Anthony P.Contributors: “...ROYAL MILITARY COLL OF SCIENCE SWINDON (UNITED KINGDOM)...”
Published 1998
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107Published 1968Contributors: “...BRITISH SHIP RESEARCH ASSOCIATION LONDON (UNITED KINGDOM)...”
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108Published 1967Contributors: “...ROYAL NAVAL SCIENTIFIC SERVICE LONDON (UNITED KINGDOM)...”
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109by Wadhams, PeterContributors: “...SCOTT POLAR RESEARCH INST CAMBRIDGE (UNITED KINGDOM)...”
Published 1999
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110by Comiso, J.Contributors: “...SAIC POLAR OCEANS ASSOCIATES CAMBRIDGE (UNITED KINGDOM)...”
Published 1990
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111Published 1967Contributors: “...ROYAL NAVAL SCIENTIFIC SERVICE LONDON (UNITED KINGDOM)...”
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112Published 1990Contributors: “...SAIC POLAR OCEANS ASSOCIATES CAMBRIDGE (UNITED KINGDOM)...”
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113Published 1990Contributors: “...SAIC POLAR OCEANS ASSOCIATES CAMBRIDGE (UNITED KINGDOM)...”
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114Published 1991Contributors: “...SAIC POLAR OCEANS ASSOCIATES CAMBRIDGE (UNITED KINGDOM)...”
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115by Cowan, AndrewContributors: “...SAIC POLAR OCEANS ASSOCIATES CAMBRIDGE (UNITED KINGDOM)...”
Published 1989
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116by Retzler, Chris-HeinzContributors: “...United Kingdom Department of Energy...”
Published 1986
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117by Kalyanaraman, Balaje, Bennetts, Luke G., Lamichhane, Bishnu, Meylan, Michael H.Contributors: “...EPSRC, United Kingdom...”
Published in Wave Motion (2019)
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118by Squire, Vernon AContributors: “...SCOTT POLAR RESEARCH INST CAMBRIDGE (UNITED KINGDOM)...”
Published 1981
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119Contributors: “...SCOTT POLAR RESEARCH INST CAMBRIDGE (UNITED KINGDOM)...”
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120Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
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