United Kingdom
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Inhabited continuously since the Neolithic, the lands making up the modern-day UK have remained ethnically and culturally diverse. In the transitional period from the Danelaw in the late 9th century to the Norman Conquest culminating in 1066, the modern British people began to shape up, followed by the establishment of parliamentarism in the mid-13th century in both England and Scotland. With the end of the Wars of the Roses the English state stabilised, consolidated and grew ever more powerful, resulting by the 16th century in the domination of Scotland by an English ruler. Subsequently, colonies across the globe were established. Over the course of the 17th century, the role of the British monarchy was reduced, particularly as a result of the English Civil War, and the parliament in Westminster took on a leading role. In 1707, the Kingdom of England (which included Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Acts of Union 1800 incorporated the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. Most of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 as the Irish Free State, and the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 created the present United Kingdom.
The UK became the first industrialised country and was the world's foremost power for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly during the "Pax Britannica" between 1815 and 1914. At its height in the 1920s, the British Empire encompassed almost a quarter of the world's landmass and population, and was the largest empire in history. However, its involvement in the First World War and the Second World War damaged Britain's economic power and a global wave of decolonisation led to the independence of most British colonies. British influence can be observed in the legal and political systems of many of its former colonies, and British culture remains globally influential, particularly in language, literature, music and sport. English is the world's most widely spoken language and the third-most spoken native language.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.}} The UK has three distinct jurisdictions: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Since 1999, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own governments and parliaments which control various devolved matters. The capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom is London, whose wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.9 million. The cities of Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Belfast are the national capitals of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, respectively. Other major cities include Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Bristol, Liverpool, Sheffield, Newcastle and Leeds. The UK is a developed country and has the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product (GDP). It is a recognised nuclear state, and is ranked fourth globally in military expenditure. The UK has been a permanent member of the UN Security Council since its first session in 1946. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Council of Europe, G7, OECD, NATO, Five Eyes, AUKUS and CPTPP. Provided by Wikipedia
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10by Imre, A., Ramboz, Claire, Kraska, T, Deiters, U.K.Get access
Published in Environmental Earth Sciences (2015)
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11by Imre, A., Ramboz, Claire, Kraska, T, Deiters, U.K.Get access
Published in Environmental Earth Sciences (2015)
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14by Imre, A., Ramboz, Claire, Kraska, T, Deiters, U.K.Get access
Published in Environmental Earth Sciences (2015)
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15by Imre, A., Ramboz, Claire, Kraska, T, Deiters, U.K.Get access
Published in Environmental Earth Sciences (2015)
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16by Imre, A., Ramboz, Claire, Kraska, T, Deiters, U.K.Get access
Published in Environmental Earth Sciences (2015)
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17by Imre, A., Ramboz, Claire, Kraska, T, Deiters, U.K.Get access
Published in Environmental Earth Sciences (2015)
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18by Imre, A., Ramboz, Claire, Kraska, T, Deiters, U.K.Get access
Published in Environmental Earth Sciences (2015)
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19by Ndung’u, K., Thomas, M.A., Flegal, A.R.Get access
Published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (2001)
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