World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. The World Bank is the collective name for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Development Association (IDA), two of five international organizations owned by the World Bank Group. It was established along with the International Monetary Fund at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. After a slow start, its first loan was to France in 1947. In the 1970s, it focused on loans to developing world countries, shifting away from that mission in the 1980s. For the last 30 years, it has included NGOs and environmental groups in its loan portfolio. Its loan strategy is influenced by the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, as well as environmental and social safeguards., the World Bank is run by a president and 25 executive directors, as well as 29 various vice presidents. IBRD and IDA have 189 and 174 member countries, respectively. The U.S., Japan, China, Germany and the U.K. have the most voting power. The bank aims loans at developing countries to help reduce poverty. The bank is engaged in several global partnerships and initiatives, and takes a role in working toward addressing climate change. The World Bank operates a number of training wings, and it works with the Clean Air Initiative and the UN Development Business. It works within the Open Data Initiative and hosts an Open Knowledge Repository.
The World Bank has been criticized as promoting inflation and harming economic development, causing protests in 1988 and 2000. There has also been criticism of the bank's governance and response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The president David Malpass faced strong criticism as he challenged the scientific consensus on climate change. He was replaced by Ajay Banga, supporting climate action. Provided by Wikipedia
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141by Cabrera, Raul, Cochran, Matt, Dangelmayr, Lauren, D'Aguilar, Gavin, Lee, Jeongwoo, Speir, Ian, Weigand, CourtneyContributors: “...World Bank Trade Division...”
Published 2007
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142by Cabrera, Raul, Cochran, Matt, Dangelmayr, Lauren, D'Aguilar, Gavin, Lee, Jeongwoo, Speir, Ian, Weigand, CourtneyContributors: “...World Bank Trade Division...”
Published 2007
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143Contributors: “...World Bank Group...”
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144by Agarwal, Arun, Perrin, Nicolas, Chhatre, Ashwini, Benson, Catherine S., Kononen, MinnaContributors: “...Sustainable Development Department, World Bank, Washington DC, USA...”
Published in WIREs Climate Change (2012)
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145by Castro-Sanguinetti, Gina R., Marques Simas, Paulo Vitor, Apaza-Chiara, Ana Paola, Callupe-Leyva, Jose Alonso, Rondon-Espinoza, Juan Alexander, Gavidia, Cesar M., More-Bayona, Juan Anderson, Gonzalez Veliz, Rosa Isabel, Vakharia, Vikram N., Icochea, Maria ElianaContributors: “...FONDECYT-Perú/World Bank Group...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2022)
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146by Lacoue-Labarthe, Thomas, Nunes, Paulo A.L.D., Ziveri, Patrizia, Cinar, Mine, Gazeau, Frédéric, Hall-Spencer, Jason M., Hilmi, Nathalie, Moschella, Paula, Safa, Alain, Sauzade, Didier, Turley, CarolContributors: “...The World Bank...”
Published in Regional Studies in Marine Science (2016)
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147by Lacoue-Labarthe, Thomas, Nunes, Paulo A.L.D., Ziveri, Patrizia, Cinar, Mine, Gazeau, Frédéric, Hall-Spencer, Jason M., Hilmi, Nathalie, Moschella, Paula, Safa, Alain, Sauzade, Didier, Turley, CarolContributors: “...The World Bank...”
Published in Regional Studies in Marine Science (2016)
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148by Lacoue-Labarthe, Thomas, Nunes, Paulo A.L.D., Ziveri, Patrizia, Cinar, Mine, Gazeau, Frédéric, Hall-Spencer, Jason M., Hilmi, Nathalie, Moschella, Paula, Safa, Alain, Sauzade, Didier, Turley, CarolContributors: “...The World Bank...”
Published in Regional Studies in Marine Science (2016)
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149by Lacoue-Labarthe, Thomas, Nunes, Paulo A.L.D., Ziveri, Patrizia, Cinar, Mine, Gazeau, Frédéric, Hall-Spencer, Jason M., Hilmi, Nathalie, Moschella, Paula, Safa, Alain, Sauzade, Didier, Turley, CarolContributors: “...The World Bank...”
Published in Regional Studies in Marine Science (2016)
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150by Lacoue-Labarthe, Thomas, Nunes, Paulo A.L.D., Ziveri, Patrizia, Cinar, Mine, Gazeau, Frédéric, Hall-Spencer, Jason M., Hilmi, Nathalie, Moschella, Paula, Safa, Alain, Sauzade, Didier, Turley, CarolContributors: “...The World Bank...”
Published in Regional Studies in Marine Science (2016)
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151by Rabatel, A., Francou, B., Soruco, A., Gomez, J., Cáceres, B., Ceballos, J. L., Basantes, R., Vuille, M., Sicart, J. -E., Huggel, C., Scheel, M., Lejeune, Y., Arnaud, Y., Collet, M., Condom, T., Consoli, G., Favier, V., Jomelli, V., Galarraga, R., Ginot, P., Maisincho, L., Mendoza, J., Menegoz, M., Ramírez, E., Ribstein, P., Suarez, W., Villacis, M., Wagnon, P.Contributors: “...World Bank...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2013)
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152by Rabatel, A., Francou, B., Soruco, A., Gomez, J., Cáceres, B., Ceballos, J. L., Basantes, R., Vuille, M., Sicart, J. -E., Huggel, C., Scheel, M., Lejeune, Y., Arnaud, Y., Collet, M., Condom, T., Consoli, G., Favier, V., Jomelli, V., Galarraga, R., Ginot, P., Maisincho, L., Mendoza, J., Menegoz, M., Ramírez, E., Ribstein, P., Suarez, W., Villacis, M., Wagnon, P.Contributors: “...World Bank...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2013)
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153by Rabatel, A., Francou, B., Soruco, A., Gomez, J., Cáceres, B., Ceballos, J. L., Basantes, R., Vuille, M., Sicart, J. -E., Huggel, C., Scheel, M., Lejeune, Y., Arnaud, Y., Collet, M., Condom, T., Consoli, G., Favier, V., Jomelli, V., Galarraga, R., Ginot, P., Maisincho, L., Mendoza, J., Menegoz, M., Ramírez, E., Ribstein, P., Suarez, W., Villacis, M., Wagnon, P.Contributors: “...World Bank...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2013)
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154by Rabatel, A., Francou, B., Soruco, A., Gomez, J., Cáceres, B., Ceballos, J. L., Basantes, R., Vuille, M., Sicart, J. -E., Huggel, C., Scheel, M., Lejeune, Y., Arnaud, Y., Collet, M., Condom, T., Consoli, G., Favier, V., Jomelli, V., Galarraga, R., Ginot, P., Maisincho, L., Mendoza, J., Menegoz, M., RAMÍREZ, E., Ribstein, P., Suarez, W., Villacis, M., Wagnon, P.Contributors: “...World Bank...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2013)
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155by Rabatel, A., Francou, B., Soruco, A., Gomez, J., Cáceres, B., Ceballos, J. L., Basantes, R., Vuille, M., Sicart, J. -E., Huggel, C., Scheel, M., Lejeune, Y., Arnaud, Y., Collet, M., Condom, T., Consoli, G., Favier, V., Jomelli, V., Galarraga, R., Ginot, P., Maisincho, L., Mendoza, J., Menegoz, M., Ramírez, E., Ribstein, P., Suarez, W., Villacis, M., Wagnon, P.Contributors: “...World Bank...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2013)
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156by Rabatel, A., Francou, B., Soruco, A., Gomez, J., Cáceres, B., Ceballos, J. L., Basantes, R., Vuille, M., Sicart, J. -E., Huggel, C., Scheel, M., Lejeune, Y., Arnaud, Y., Collet, M., Condom, T., Consoli, G., Favier, V., Jomelli, V., Galarraga, R., Ginot, P., Maisincho, L., Mendoza, J., Menegoz, M., Ramírez, E., Ribstein, P., Suarez, W., Villacis, M., Wagnon, P.Contributors: “...World Bank...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2013)
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157by Rabatel, A., Francou, B., Soruco, A., Gomez, J., Cáceres, B., Ceballos, J. L., Basantes, R., Vuille, M., Sicart, J. -E., Huggel, C., Scheel, M., Lejeune, Y., Arnaud, Y., Collet, M., Condom, T., Consoli, G., Favier, V., Jomelli, V., Galarraga, R., Ginot, P., Maisincho, L., Mendoza, J., Menegoz, M., Ramírez, E., Ribstein, P., Suarez, W., Villacis, M., Wagnon, P.Contributors: “...World Bank...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2013)
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158by Rabatel, A., Francou, B., Soruco, A., Gomez, J., Cáceres, B., Ceballos, J. L., Basantes, R., Vuille, M., Sicart, J. -E., Huggel, C., Scheel, M., Lejeune, Y., Arnaud, Y., Collet, M., Condom, T., Consoli, G., Favier, V., Jomelli, V., Galarraga, R., Ginot, P., Maisincho, L., Mendoza, J., Menegoz, M., Ramírez, E., Ribstein, P., Suarez, W., Villacis, M., Wagnon, P.Contributors: “...World Bank...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2013)
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159by Rabatel, A., Francou, B., Soruco, A., Gomez, J., Cáceres, B., Ceballos, J. L., Basantes, R., Vuille, M., Sicart, J. -E., Huggel, C., Scheel, M., Lejeune, Y., Arnaud, Y., Collet, M., Condom, T., Consoli, G., Favier, V., Jomelli, V., Galarraga, R., Ginot, P., Maisincho, L., Mendoza, J., Menegoz, M., Ramírez, E., Ribstein, P., Suarez, W., Villacis, M., Wagnon, P.Contributors: “...World Bank...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2013)
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160by Rabatel, A., Francou, B., Soruco, A., Gomez, J., Cáceres, B., Ceballos, J. L., Basantes, R., Vuille, M., Sicart, J. -E., Huggel, C., Scheel, M., Lejeune, Y., Arnaud, Y., Collet, M., Condom, T., Consoli, G., Favier, V., Jomelli, V., Galarraga, R., Ginot, P., Maisincho, L., Mendoza, J., Menegoz, M., Ramírez, E., Ribstein, P., Suarez, W., Villacis, M., Wagnon, P.Contributors: “...World Bank...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2013)
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