United Kingdom
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The lands of the UK have been inhabited continuously since the Neolithic. In AD 43 the Roman conquest of Britain began; the Roman departure was followed by Anglo-Saxon settlement. In 1066, the Normans conquered England. With the end of the Wars of the Roses the English state stabilised and began to grow in power, resulting by the 16th century in the annexation of Wales, the domination of Scotland, and the establishment of the British Empire. Over the course of the 17th century, the role of the British monarchy was reduced, particularly as a result of the English Civil War. In 1707, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Acts of Union 1800 incorporated the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. Most of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 as the Irish Free State, and the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 created the present United Kingdom.
The UK became the first industrialised country and was the world's foremost power for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly during the "Pax Britannica" between 1815 and 1914. At its height in the 1920s, the British Empire encompassed almost a quarter of the world's landmass and population, and was the largest empire in history. However, its involvement in the First World War and the Second World War damaged Britain's economic power and a global wave of decolonisation led to the independence of most British colonies.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.}} The UK has three distinct jurisdictions: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Since 1999, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own governments and parliaments which control various devolved matters. The UK is a developed country and has the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product (GDP). It is a nuclear state, and is ranked fourth globally in military expenditure. The UK has been a permanent member of the UN Security Council since its first session in 1946. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Council of Europe, G7, OECD, NATO, Five Eyes, AUKUS and CPTPP. British influence can be observed in the legal and political systems of many of its former colonies, and British culture remains globally influential, particularly in language, literature, music and sport. English is the world's most widely spoken language and the third-most spoken native language. Provided by Wikipedia
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141Contributors: “...Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the United Kingdom...”
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142by Kujala, Pentti, Kõrgesaar, Mihkel, Kämäräinen, JormaContributors: “...Lloyd's Register Foundation, United Kingdom...”
Published in International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering (2018)
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143by Hinke, Jefferson T., Barbosa, Andrés, Emmerson, Louise M., Hart, Tom, Juáres, Mariana A., Korczak‐Abshire, Malgorzata, Milinevsky, Gennadi, Santos, Mercedes, Trathan, Philip N., Watters, George M., Southwell, ColinContributors: “...Government of the United Kingdom...”
Published in Methods in Ecology and Evolution (2018)
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144by Dix, P. J.Contributors: “...WESTLAND AIRCRAFT LTD EAST COWES (UNITED KINGDOM) SAUNDERS-ROE DIV...”
Published 1966
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145by Dix, P. J.Contributors: “...WESTLAND AIRCRAFT LTD EAST COWES (UNITED KINGDOM) SAUNDERS-ROE DIV...”
Published 1966
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146by Humphries, N. E., Weimerskirch, Henri, Sims, David WContributors: “...The Laboratory (Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom)...”
Published in Methods in Ecology and Evolution (2013)
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147by Banguera-Hinestroza, E., Evans, P. G H, Mirimin, L., Reid, R. J., Mikkelsen, B., Couperus, A. S., Deaville, R., Rogan, E., Hoelzel, A. R.Contributors: “...Sea Watch Foundation, Ewyn y Don, Bull Bay, Amlwch, Anglesey, LL68 9SD, United Kingdom...”
Published in Conservation Genetics (2014)
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148by Saunders, C. P.Contributors: “...UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER INST OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (UNITED KINGDOM) DEPT OF PURE AND APPLIED...”
Published 1994
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149by Saunders, CliveContributors: “...UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER INST OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (UNITED KINGDOM) DEPT OF PURE AND APPLIED...”
Published 1994
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150by Comati, Jerry C.Contributors: “...ARMY RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION GROUP (UNITED KINGDOM) FPO NEW YORK 09510...”
Published 1991
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151by Wells, Jonathan C K, Jonsdottir, Olof H, Hibberd, Patricia L, Fewtrell, Mary S, Thorsdottir, Inga, Eaton, Simon, Lucas, Alan, Gunnlaugsson, Geir, Kleinman, Ronald EContributors: “...Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom....”
Published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2013)
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152by Humphries, Nicolas E, Weimerskirch, Henri, Queiroz, Nuno, Southall, Emily J, Sims, David WContributors: “...The Laboratory (Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom)...”
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2012)
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153by Humphries, Nicolas E, Weimerskirch, Henri, Queiroz, Nuno, Southall, Emily J, Sims, David WContributors: “...The Laboratory (Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom)...”
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2012)
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154by Alfonsi, Lu., Spogli, L., De Franceschi, G., Romano, V., Aquino, M., Dodson, A., Mitchell, C. N.Contributors: “..., Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, United Kingdom...”
Published in Radio Science (2011)
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155Statistical models for the pattern of sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic during 1973-2008by McNeil, Nittaya, Chirtkiatsakul, BusabanContributors: “...The Hadley center, United Kingdom Meteorological Office...”
Published in International Journal of Climatology (2016)
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156by Berner, Logan T., Massey, Richard, Jantz, Patrick, Forbes, Bruce C., Macias-Fauria, Marc, Myers-Smith, Isla, Kumpula, Timo, Gauthier, Gilles, Andreu-Hayles, Laia, Gaglioti, Benjamin V., Burns, Patrick, Zetterberg, Pentti, D’Arrigo, Rosanne, Goetz, Scott J.Contributors: “...United Kingdom National Environmental Research Council...”
Published in Nature Communications (2020)
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157by Pattyn, FrankContributors: “...5th International Symposium on Antarctic Glaciology (5: 5-10 September 1993: Cambridge, United...”
Published 1993
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158by Jacob, JensContributors: “...Reading, United Kingdom...”
Published 2007
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159by Garcia, Francisca C, Warfield, Ruth, Yvon-Durocher, GabrielContributors: “...Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom...”
Published in Frontiers in Microbiology (2022)
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160by Jin, Simin, Kemp, David B., Yin, Runsheng, Sun, Ruiyang, Shen, Jun, Jolley, David W., Vieira, Manuel, Huang, ChunjuContributors: “...Shell United Kingdom...”
Published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2023)
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