United Kingdom
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The lands of the UK have been inhabited continuously since the Neolithic. In AD 43 the Roman conquest of Britain began; the Roman departure was followed by Anglo-Saxon settlement. In 1066, the Normans conquered England. With the end of the Wars of the Roses the English state stabilised and began to grow in power, resulting by the 16th century in the annexation of Wales, the domination of Scotland, and the establishment of the British Empire. Over the course of the 17th century, the role of the British monarchy was reduced, particularly as a result of the English Civil War. In 1707, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Acts of Union 1800 incorporated the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. Most of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 as the Irish Free State, and the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 created the present United Kingdom.
The UK became the first industrialised country and was the world's foremost power for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly during the "Pax Britannica" between 1815 and 1914. At its height in the 1920s, the British Empire encompassed almost a quarter of the world's landmass and population, and was the largest empire in history. However, its involvement in the First World War and the Second World War damaged Britain's economic power and a global wave of decolonisation led to the independence of most British colonies.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.}} The UK has three distinct jurisdictions: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Since 1999, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own governments and parliaments which control various devolved matters. The UK is a developed country and has the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product (GDP). It is a nuclear state, and is ranked fourth globally in military expenditure. The UK has been a permanent member of the UN Security Council since its first session in 1946. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Council of Europe, G7, OECD, NATO, Five Eyes, AUKUS and CPTPP. British influence can be observed in the legal and political systems of many of its former colonies, and British culture remains globally influential, particularly in language, literature, music and sport. English is the world's most widely spoken language and the third-most spoken native language. Provided by Wikipedia
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1421by Wang, W., Rinke, A., Moore, J.C., Ji, D., Cui, X., Peng, S., Lawrence, D.M., Mcguire, A.D., Burke, E.J., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, C., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, Philippe, Delire, C., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Miller, P.A., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, T., Sherstiukov, A.B.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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1422by Wang, W., Rinke, A., Moore, J.C., Ji, D., Cui, X., Peng, S., Lawrence, D.M., Mcguire, A.D., Burke, E.J., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, C., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, Philippe, Delire, C., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Miller, P.A., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, T., Sherstiukov, A.B.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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1423by Mottram, Ruth, Hansen, Nicolaj, Kittel, Christoph, van Wessem, J. Melchior, Melchior, Agosta, Cécile, Amory, Charles, Boberg, Fredrik, van de Berg, Willem Jan, Fettweis, Xavier, Gossart, Alexandra, van Lipzig, Nicole, P M, van Meijgaard, Erik, Orr, Andrew, Phillips, Tony, Webster, Stuart, Simonsen, Sebastian, B, Souverijns, NielsContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2021)
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1424by Mottram, Ruth, Hansen, Nicolaj, Kittel, Christoph, van Wessem, J. Melchior, Melchior, Agosta, Cécile, Amory, Charles, Boberg, Fredrik, van de Berg, Willem Jan, Fettweis, Xavier, Gossart, Alexandra, van Lipzig, Nicole, P M, van Meijgaard, Erik, Orr, Andrew, Phillips, Tony, Webster, Stuart, Simonsen, Sebastian, B, Souverijns, NielsContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2021)
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1425by Wang, W., Rinke, A., Moore, J.C., Ji, D., Cui, X., Peng, S., Lawrence, D.M., Mcguire, A.D., Burke, E.J., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, C., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J., Ciais, Philippe, Delire, C., Gouttevin, I., Hajima, T., Krinner, G., Lettenmaier, D.P., Miller, P.A., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, T., Sherstiukov, A.B.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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1426by Goosse, Hugues, Kay, Jennifer, E, Armour, Kyle, C, Bodas-Salcedo, Alejandro, Chepfer, Hélène, Docquier, David, Jonko, Alexandra, Kushner, Paul, J, Lecomte, Olivier, Massonnet, François, Park, Hyo-Seok, Pithan, Felix, Svensson, Gunilla, Vancoppenolle, MartinContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Nature Communications (2018)
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1427by Ruggieri, Paolo, Bellucci, Alessio, Nicolí, Dario, Athanasiadis, Panos J., Gualdi, Silvio, Cassou, Christophe, Castruccio, Fred, Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Davini, Paolo, Dunstone, Nick, Eade, Rosemary, Gastineau, Guillaume, Harvey, Ben, Hermanson, Leon, Qasmi, Saïd, Ruprich-Robert, Yohan, Sanchez-Gomez, Emilia, Smith, Doug, Wild, Simon, Zampieri, MatteoContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Climate (2021)
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1428by Blockley, Ed, Vancoppenolle, M., Hunke, Elizabeth, Bitz, Cecilia, Feltham, Daniel, Lemieux, Jean-François, Losch, Martin, Maisonnave, Éric, Notz, Dirk, Rampal, Pierre, Tietsche, Steffen, Tremblay, Bruno, Turner, Adrian, Massonnet, François, Ólason, Einar, Roberts, Andrew, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Fichefet, Thierry, Garric, Gilles, Iovino, Doroteaciro, Madec, Gurvan, rousset, clement, Salas y Melia, David, Schroeder, DavidContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (2020)
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1429by Smith, Doug M., Scaife, A., Eade, Rosie, Athanasiadis, P., Bellucci, Alessio, Bethke, I., Bilbao, R., Borchert, Leonard, Caron, L.-P., Counillon, F., Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Delworth, T. L., Doblas-Reyes, Francisco, Dunstone, N., Estella-Perez, Victor, Flavoni, Simona, Hermanson, L., Keenlyside, Noel S., Kharin, V., Kimoto, M., Merryfield, W., Mignot, Juliette, Mochizuki, T., Modali, K., Monerie, P.-A., Müller, W., Nicolí, D., Ortega, Pablo, Pankatz, K., Pohlmann, Holger, Robson, Jon, Ruggieri, Paolo, Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, Swingedouw, Didier, Wang, Yiguo, Wild, Simon, Yeager, Stephen, Yang, Xiaosong, Zhang, L.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Nature (2020)
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1430by Smith, Doug M., Scaife, A., Eade, Rosie, Athanasiadis, P., Bellucci, Alessio, Bethke, I., Bilbao, R., Borchert, Leonard F., Caron, L.-P., Counillon, F., Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Delworth, T. L., Doblas-Reyes, Francisco, Dunstone, N., Estella-Perez, Victor, Flavoni, Simona, Hermanson, L., Keenlyside, Noel S., Kharin, V., Kimoto, M., Merryfield, W., Mignot, Juliette, Mochizuki, T., Modali, K., Monerie, P.-A., Müller, W., Nicolí, D., Ortega, Pablo, Pankatz, K., Pohlmann, Holger, Robson, Jon, Ruggieri, Paolo, Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, Swingedouw, Didier, Wang, Yiguo, Wild, Simon, Yeager, Stephen, Yang, Xiaosong, Zhang, L.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Nature (2020)
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1431by Peng, S., Ciais, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Wang, Tao, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Mcguire, A.D, Lawrence, D., Burke, E., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, A, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J, Delire, C., Hajima, T, Ji, D., Lettenmaier, D. P., Miller, P.A, Moore, J.C., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, TContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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1432by Smith, Doug M., Scaife, A., Eade, Rosie, Athanasiadis, P., Bellucci, Alessio, Bethke, I., Bilbao, Roberto, Borchert, Leonard F., Caron, L.-P., Counillon, F., Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Delworth, T. L., Doblas-Reyes, Francisco, Dunstone, Nick, Estella-Perez, Victor, Flavoni, Simona, Hermanson, L., Keenlyside, Noel S., Kharin, V., Kimoto, M., Merryfield, W., Mignot, Juliette, Mochizuki, T., Modali, K., Monerie, P.-A., Müller, W., Nicolí, D., Ortega, Pablo, Pankatz, K., Pohlmann, Holger, Robson, Jon, Ruggieri, Paolo, Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, Swingedouw, Didier, Wang, Yiguo, Wild, Simon, Yeager, Stephen, Yang, Xiaosong, Zhang, L.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Nature (2020)
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1433by Peng, S., Ciais, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Wang, Tao, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Gouttevin, Mcguire, A.D, Lawrence, D., Burke, E., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, A, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J, Delire, C., Hajima, T, Ji, D., Lettenmaier, D. P., Miller, P.A, Moore, J.C., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, TContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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1434by Blockley, Ed, Vancoppenolle, M., Hunke, Elizabeth, Bitz, Cecilia, Feltham, Daniel, Lemieux, Jean-François, Losch, Martin, Maisonnave, Éric, Notz, Dirk, Rampal, Pierre, Tietsche, Steffen, Tremblay, Bruno, Turner, Adrian, Massonnet, François, Ólason, Einar, Roberts, Andrew, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Fichefet, Thierry, Garric, Gilles, Iovino, Doroteaciro, Madec, Gurvan, rousset, clement, Salas y Melia, David, Schroeder, DavidContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (2020)
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1435by Peng, S., Ciais, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Wang, Tao, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Gouttevin, Mcguire, A.D, Lawrence, D., Burke, E., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, A, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J, Delire, C., Hajima, T, Ji, D., Lettenmaier, D. P., Miller, P.A, Moore, J.C., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, TContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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1436by Peng, S., Ciais, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Wang, Tao, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Gouttevin, Mcguire, A.D, Lawrence, D., Burke, E., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, A, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J, Delire, C., Hajima, T, Ji, D., Lettenmaier, D. P., Miller, P.A, Moore, J.C., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, TContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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1437by Peng, S., Ciais, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Wang, Tao, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Gouttevin, Mcguire, A.D, Lawrence, D., Burke, E., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, A, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J, Delire, C., Hajima, T, Ji, D., Lettenmaier, D. P., Miller, P.A, Moore, J.C., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, TContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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1438by Peng, S., Ciais, Philippe, Krinner, Gerhard, Wang, Tao, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Gouttevin, Mcguire, A.D, Lawrence, D., Burke, E., Chen, X., Decharme, B., Koven, C., Macdougall, A, Rinke, A., Saito, K., Zhang, W., Alkama, R., Bohn, T.J, Delire, C., Hajima, T, Ji, D., Lettenmaier, D. P., Miller, P.A, Moore, J.C., Smith, B., Sueyoshi, TContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2016)
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1439by Blockley, Ed, Vancoppenolle, M., Hunke, Elizabeth, Bitz, Cecilia, Feltham, Daniel, Lemieux, Jean-François, Losch, Martin, Maisonnave, Éric, Notz, Dirk, Rampal, Pierre, Tietsche, Steffen, Tremblay, Bruno, Turner, Adrian, Massonnet, François, Ólason, Einar, Roberts, Andrew, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Fichefet, Thierry, Garric, Gilles, Iovino, Doroteaciro, Madec, Gurvan, rousset, clement, Salas y Melia, David, Schroeder, DavidContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (2020)
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1440by Blockley, Ed, Vancoppenolle, M., Hunke, Elizabeth, Bitz, Cecilia, Feltham, Daniel, Lemieux, Jean-François, Losch, Martin, Maisonnave, Éric, Notz, Dirk, Rampal, Pierre, Tietsche, Steffen, Tremblay, Bruno, Turner, Adrian, Massonnet, François, Ólason, Einar, Roberts, Andrew, Aksenov, Yevgeny, Fichefet, Thierry, Garric, Gilles, Iovino, Doroteaciro, Madec, Gurvan, rousset, clement, Salas y Melia, David, Schroeder, DavidContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (2020)
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