United Kingdom
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In 1707, the Kingdom of England (which included Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Acts of Union 1800 incorporated the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. Most of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 as the Irish Free State, and the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 created the present name.
The UK became the first industrialised country and was the world's foremost power for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly during the "Pax Britannica" between 1815 and 1914. At its height in the 1920s, the British Empire encompassed almost a quarter of the world's landmass and population, and was the largest empire in history. However, its involvement in the First World War and the Second World War damaged Britain's economic power and a global wave of decolonisation led to the independence of most British colonies. British influence can be observed in the legal and political systems of many of its former colonies, and British culture remains globally influential, particularly in language, literature, music and sport. English is the world's most widely spoken language and the third-most spoken native language.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.}} The UK has three distinct jurisdictions; England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Since 1999, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own governments and parliaments which control various devolved matters. The capital and largest city of the United Kingdom (as well as the capital of England) is London, with its wider metropolitan area being the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.9 million. The cities of Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Belfast are the national capitals of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, respectively. Other major cities include Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Bristol, Liverpool, Sheffield, Newcastle and Leeds.
The UK is a developed country and has the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product (GDP). It is a recognised nuclear state, and is ranked fourth globally in military expenditure. The UK has been a permanent member of the UN Security Council since its first session in 1946. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Council of Europe, G7, OECD, NATO, Five Eyes, AUKUS and CPTPP. Provided by Wikipedia
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701by Austin, John, Wilson, R.J., Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Bekki, Slimane, Butchart, N., Claud, Chantal, Fomichev, V.I., Forster, P., Garcia, R.R., Gillett, N.P., Keckhut, Philippe, Langematz, U., Manzini, E., Nagashima, T., Randel, W.J., Rozanov, E., Shibata, K., Shine, K.P., Struthers, H., Thompson, D.W.J., Wu, F., Yoden, S.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2009)
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702by Riviere, Gwendal, Berthou, Ségolène, Lapeyre, Guillaume, Kageyama, MasaContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Climate (2017)
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703by Riviere, Gwendal, Berthou, Ségolène, Lapeyre, Guillaume, Kageyama, MasaContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Climate (2017)
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704by Riviere, Gwendal, Berthou, Ségolène, Lapeyre, Guillaume, Kageyama, MasaContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Climate (2017)
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705by Riviere, Gwendal, Berthou, Ségolène, Lapeyre, Guillaume, Kageyama, MasaContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Climate (2017)
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706by Austin, John, Wilson, R.J., Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Bekki, Slimane, Butchart, N., Claud, Chantal, Fomichev, V.I., Forster, P., Garcia, R.R., Gillett, N.P., Keckhut, Philippe, Langematz, U., Manzini, E., Nagashima, T., Randel, W.J., Rozanov, E., Shibata, K., Shine, K.P., Struthers, H., Thompson, D.W.J., Wu, F., Yoden, S.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2009)
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707by Riviere, Gwendal, Berthou, Ségolène, Lapeyre, Guillaume, Kageyama, MasaContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Climate (2017)
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708by Austin, John, Wilson, R.J., Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Bekki, Slimane, Butchart, N., Claud, Chantal, Fomichev, V.I., Forster, P., Garcia, R.R., Gillett, N.P., Keckhut, Philippe, Langematz, U., Manzini, E., Nagashima, T., Randel, W.J., Rozanov, E., Shibata, K., Shine, K.P., Struthers, H., Thompson, D.W.J., Wu, F., Yoden, S.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2009)
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709by Geer, A. J., Lahoz, W. A., Bekki, Slimane, Bormann, N., Errera, Q., Eskes, H. J., Fonteyn, D., Jackson, D. R., Juckes, M. N., Massart, S., Peuch, V.-H., Rharmili, S., Segers, A.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2006)
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710by Geer, A. J., Lahoz, W. A., Bekki, Slimane, Bormann, N., Errera, Q., Eskes, H. J., Fonteyn, D., Jackson, D. R., Juckes, M. N., Massart, S., Peuch, V.-H., Rharmili, S., Segers, A.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published 2006
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711by Burke, Eleanor J., Ekici, Altug, Huang, Ye, Chadburn, Sarah E., Huntingford, Chris, Ciais, Philippe, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Peng, Shushi, Krinner, GerhardContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Biogeosciences (2017)
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712by Randel, William J., Shine, Keith P., Austin, John, Barnett, John, Claud, Chantal, Gillett, Nathan P., Keckhut, Philippe, Langematz, Ulrike, Lin, Roger, Long, Craig, Mears, Carl, Miller, Alvin, Nash, John, Seidel, Dian J., Thompson, David W.J., Wu, Fei, Yoden, ShigeoContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research (2009)
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713by Tilmes, Simone, Visioni, Daniele, Jones, Andy, Haywood, James, Séférian, Roland, Nabat, Pierre, Boucher, Olivier, Monica Bednarz, Ewa, Niemeier, UlrikeContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2022)
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714by Borgen, Liv, Antonelli, Alexandre, Gussarova, Galina, Marie-Orleach, Lucas, Brochmann, Christian, Rieseberg, Loren H., Ikeda, Hajime, Gustafsson, A. Lovisa S.Contributors: “..."},{"funder_name":"Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom","funder_doi":"http://dx.doi.org/10.13039...”
Published 2021
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715by Ekici, A, Chadburn, S, Chaudhary, N, Hajdu, L.H., Marmy, A, Peng, S, Boike, J, Burke, E, Friend, A. D., Hauck, C, Krinner, G, Langer, M., Miller, P.A, Beer, CContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2015)
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716by Andresen, Christian, Lawrence, David, Wilson, Cathy, Mcguire, A. David, Koven, Charles, Schaefer, Kevin, Jafarov, Elchin, Peng, Shushi, Chen, Xiaodong, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Burke, Eleanor, Chadburn, Sarah, Ji, Duoying, Chen, Guangsheng, Hayes, Daniel, Zhang, WenxinContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2020)
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717by Andresen, Christian, Lawrence, David, Wilson, Cathy, Mcguire, A. David, Koven, Charles, Schaefer, Kevin, Jafarov, Elchin, Peng, Shushi, Chen, Xiaodong, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Burke, Eleanor, Chadburn, Sarah, Ji, Duoying, Chen, Guangsheng, Hayes, Daniel, Zhang, WenxinContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2020)
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718by Randel, William J., Shine, Keith P., Austin, John, Barnett, John, Claud, Chantal, Gillett, Nathan P., Keckhut, Philippe, Langematz, Ulrike, Lin, Roger, Long, Craig, Mears, Carl, Miller, Alvin, Nash, John, Seidel, Dian J., Thompson, David W.J., Wu, Fei, Yoden, ShigeoContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research (2009)
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719by Randel, William J., Shine, Keith P., Austin, John, Barnett, John, Claud, Chantal, Gillett, Nathan P., Keckhut, Philippe, Langematz, Ulrike, Lin, Roger, Long, Craig, Mears, Carl, Miller, Alvin, Nash, John, Seidel, Dian J., Thompson, David W.J., Wu, Fei, Yoden, ShigeoContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research (2009)
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720by Nehme, C., Todisco, D., Breitenbach, S.F.M., Couchoud, Isabelle, Marchegiano, M., Peral, M., Vonhof, H., Hellstrom, J., Tjallingii, R., Claeys, P., Borrero, L., Martin, F.Contributors: “...University of Northumbria at Newcastle United Kingdom...”
Published in Global and Planetary Change (2023)
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