Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. It reflects the average kinetic energy of the vibrating and colliding atoms making up a substance.Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have relied on various reference points and thermometric substances for definition. The most common scales are the Celsius scale with the unit symbol °C (formerly called ''centigrade''), the Fahrenheit scale (°F), and the Kelvin scale (K), the latter being used predominantly for scientific purposes. The kelvin is one of the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI).
Absolute zero, i.e., zero kelvin or −273.15 °C, is the lowest point in the thermodynamic temperature scale. Experimentally, it can be approached very closely but not actually reached, as recognized in the third law of thermodynamics. It would be impossible to extract energy as heat from a body at that temperature.
Temperature is important in all fields of natural science, including physics, chemistry, Earth science, astronomy, medicine, biology, ecology, material science, metallurgy, mechanical engineering and geography as well as most aspects of daily life. Provided by Wikipedia
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161by Gillet-Chaulet, Fabien, Gagliardini, Olivier, Ritz, Catherine, Durand, Gaël, Nodet, Maëlle, Zwinger, Thomas, Greve, Ralph, Seddik, Hakime, Vaughan, David G.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2011
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162by Gillet-Chaulet, Fabien, Gagliardini, Olivier, Ritz, Catherine, Durand, Gaël, Nodet, Maëlle, Zwinger, Thomas, Greve, Ralph, Seddik, Hakime, Vaughan, David G.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2011
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163by Li, Hao, Andujar, Joan, Slodczyk, Aneta, de Sousa Meneses, Domingos, Scaillet, Bruno, Echegut, Patrick, Biren, Jonas, Oppenheimer, CliveContributors: “...Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI)...”
Published in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (2022)
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164by Gillet-Chaulet, Fabien, Gagliardini, Olivier, Ritz, Catherine, Durand, Gaël, Nodet, Maëlle, Zwinger, Thomas, Greve, Ralph, Seddik, Hakime, Vaughan, David G.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2011
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165by Lieser, J. L., Curran, M. A. J., Bowie, A. R., Davidson, A. T., Doust, S. J., Fraser, A. D., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Massom, R. A., Meiners, K. M., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Reid, P. A., Strutton, P. G., Vance, T. R., Vancoppenolle, M., Westwood, K. J., Wright, S. W.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2015
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166by Lieser, J. L., Curran, M. A. J., Bowie, A. R., Davidson, A. T., Doust, S. J., Fraser, A. D., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Massom, R. A., Meiners, K. M., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Reid, P. A., Strutton, P. G., Vance, T. R., Vancoppenolle, M., Westwood, K. J., Wright, S. W.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2015
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167by Pattyn, F., Perichon, L., Aschwanden, A., Breuer, B., de Smedt, B., Gagliardini, O., Gudmundsson, G. H., Hindmarsh, R., Hubbard, A., Johnson, J. V., Kleiner, T., Konovalov, Y., Martin, C., Payne, A. J., Pollard, D., Price, S., Rückamp, M., Saito, F., Soucek, O., Sugiyama, S., Zwinger, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2008
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168by Pattyn, F., Perichon, L., Aschwanden, A., Breuer, B., De Smedt, B., Gagliardini, O., Gudmundsson, G. H., Hindmarsh, R., Hubbard, A., Johnson, J. V., Kleiner, T., Konovalov, Y., Martin, C., Payne, A. J., Pollard, D., Price, S., Rückamp, M., Saito, F., Soucek, O., Sugiyama, S., Zwinger, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2008
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169by Pattyn, F., Perichon, L., Aschwanden, A., Breuer, B., De Smedt, B., Gagliardini, Olivier, Gudmundsson, G. H., Hindmarsh, R.C.A., Hubbard, A., Johnson, J. V., Kleiner, T., Konovalov, Y., Martin, C., Payne, A. J., Pollard, D., Price, S., Rückamp, M., Saito, F., Soucek, O., Sugiyama, S., Zwinger, ThomasContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2008
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170by Bolanos, Luis M., Karp-Boss, Lee, Choi, Chang Jae, Worden, Alexandra Z., Graff, Jason R., Haentjens, Nils, Chase, Alison P., Della Penna, Alice, Gaube, Peter, Morison, Françoise, Menden-Deuer, Susanne, Westberry, Toby K., O'Malley, Robert T., Boss, Emmanuel, Behrenfeld, Michael J., Giovannoni, Stephen J.Contributors: “... Surface Temperature (GHRSST) Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution (MUR) SST data (obtained from the NASA...”
Published in The ISME Journal (2020)
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171by Bolanos, Luis M., Karp-Boss, Lee, Choi, Chang Jae, Worden, Alexandra Z., Graff, Jason R., Haentjens, Nils, Chase, Alison P., Della Penna, Alice, Gaube, Peter, Morison, Françoise, Menden-Deuer, Susanne, Westberry, Toby K., O'Malley, Robert T., Boss, Emmanuel, Behrenfeld, Michael J., Giovannoni, Stephen J.Contributors: “... Surface Temperature (GHRSST) Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution (MUR) SST data (obtained from the NASA...”
Published in The ISME Journal (2020)
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172by Baccolo, Giovanni, Delmonte, Barbara, Di Stefano, Elena, Cibin, Giannantonio, Crotti, Ilaria, Frezzotti, Massimo, Hampai, Dariush, Iizuka, Yoshinori, Marcelli, Augusto, Maggi, ValterContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2021)
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173by Pattyn, F., Perichon, L., Aschwanden, A., Breuer, B., de Smedt, B., Gagliardini, Olivier, Gudmundsson, G. H., Hindmarsh, R.C.A., Hubbard, A., Johnson, J. V., Kleiner, T., Konovalov, Y., Martin, C., Payne, A. J., Pollard, D., Price, S., Rückamp, M., Saito, F., Soucek, O., Sugiyama, S., Zwinger, ThomasContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2008
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174by Pattyn, F., Perichon, L., Aschwanden, A., Breuer, B., de Smedt, B., Gagliardini, Olivier, Gudmundsson, G. H., Hindmarsh, R.C.A., Hubbard, A., Johnson, J. V., Kleiner, T., Konovalov, Y., Martin, C., Payne, A. J., Pollard, D., Price, S., Rückamp, M., Saito, F., Soucek, O., Sugiyama, S., Zwinger, ThomasContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2008
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175by Pattyn, F., Perichon, L., Aschwanden, A., Breuer, B., de Smedt, B., Gagliardini, O., Gudmundsson, G. H., Hindmarsh, R., Hubbard, A., Johnson, J. V., Kleiner, T., Konovalov, Y., Martin, C., Payne, A. J., Pollard, D., Price, S., Rückamp, M., Saito, F., Soucek, O., Sugiyama, S., Zwinger, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2008
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176by Bolanos, Luis M., Karp-Boss, Lee, Choi, Chang Jae, Worden, Alexandra Z., Graff, Jason R., Haentjens, Nils, Chase, Alison P., Della Penna, Alice, Gaube, Peter, Morison, Françoise, Menden-Deuer, Susanne, Westberry, Toby K., O'Malley, Robert T., Boss, Emmanuel, Behrenfeld, Michael J., Giovannoni, Stephen J.Contributors: “... Surface Temperature (GHRSST) Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution (MUR) SST data (obtained from the NASA...”
Published in The ISME Journal (2020)
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177by Bolanos, Luis M., Karp-Boss, Lee, Choi, Chang Jae, Worden, Alexandra Z., Graff, Jason R., Haentjens, Nils, Chase, Alison P., Della Penna, Alice, Gaube, Peter, Morison, Françoise, Menden-Deuer, Susanne, Westberry, Toby K., O'Malley, Robert T., Boss, Emmanuel, Behrenfeld, Michael J., Giovannoni, Stephen J.Contributors: “... Surface Temperature (GHRSST) Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution (MUR) SST data (obtained from the NASA...”
Published in The ISME Journal (2020)
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178by Pattyn, F., Perichon, L., Aschwanden, A., Breuer, B., de Smedt, B., Gagliardini, O., Gudmundsson, G. H., Hindmarsh, R., Hubbard, A., Johnson, J. V., Kleiner, T., Konovalov, Y., Martin, C., Payne, A. J., Pollard, D., Price, S., Rückamp, M., Saito, F., Soucek, O., Sugiyama, S., Zwinger, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2008
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179by Pattyn, F., Perichon, L., Aschwanden, A., Breuer, B., de Smedt, B., Gagliardini, O., Gudmundsson, G. H., Hindmarsh, R., Hubbard, A., Johnson, J. V., Kleiner, T., Konovalov, Y., Martin, C., Payne, A. J., Pollard, D., Price, S., Rückamp, M., Saito, F., Soucek, O., Sugiyama, S., Zwinger, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2008
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180by Pattyn, F., Perichon, L., Aschwanden, A., Breuer, B., de Smedt, B., Gagliardini, Olivier, Gudmundsson, G. H., Hindmarsh, R.C.A., Hubbard, A., Johnson, J. V., Kleiner, T., Konovalov, Y., Martin, C., Payne, A. J., Pollard, D., Price, S., Rückamp, M., Saito, F., Soucek, O., Sugiyama, S., Zwinger, ThomasContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2008
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