Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. It reflects the average kinetic energy of the vibrating and colliding atoms making up a substance.Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have relied on various reference points and thermometric substances for definition. The most common scales are the Celsius scale with the unit symbol °C (formerly called ''centigrade''), the Fahrenheit scale (°F), and the Kelvin scale (K), the latter being used predominantly for scientific purposes. The kelvin is one of the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI).
Absolute zero, i.e., zero kelvin or −273.15 °C, is the lowest point in the thermodynamic temperature scale. Experimentally, it can be approached very closely but not actually reached, as recognized in the third law of thermodynamics. It would be impossible to extract energy as heat from a body at that temperature.
Temperature is important in all fields of natural science, including physics, chemistry, Earth science, astronomy, medicine, biology, ecology, material science, metallurgy, mechanical engineering and geography as well as most aspects of daily life. Provided by Wikipedia
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141by Lieser, J. L., Curran, M. A. J., Bowie, A. R., Davidson, A. T., Doust, S. J., Fraser, A. D., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Massom, R. A., Meiners, K. M., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Reid, P. A., Strutton, P. G., Vance, T. R., Vancoppenolle, M., Westwood, K. J., Wright, S. W.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2015
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142by Williams, Guy Darvall, Nicol, Stephen, Aoki, Shigeru, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Bindoff, Nathaniel L., Iijima, Yuji, Marsland, Simon J., Klocker, AndreasContributors: “...Institute for Low Temperature Science...”
Published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (2010)
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143by Williams, Guy Darvall, Nicol, Stephen, Aoki, Shigeru, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Bindoff, Nathaniel L., Iijima, Yuji, Marsland, Simon J., Klocker, AndreasContributors: “...Institute for Low Temperature Science...”
Published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (2010)
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144by Williams, Guy Darvall, Nicol, Stephen, Aoki, Shigeru, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Bindoff, Nathaniel L., Iijima, Yuji, Marsland, Simon J., Klocker, AndreasContributors: “...Institute for Low Temperature Science...”
Published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (2010)
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145by Lieser, J. L., Curran, M. A. J., Bowie, A. R., Davidson, A. T., Doust, S. J., Fraser, A. D., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Massom, R. A., Meiners, K. M., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Reid, P. A., Strutton, P. G., Vance, T. R., Vancoppenolle, M., Westwood, K. J., Wright, S. W.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2015
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146by Williams, Guy Darvall, Nicol, Stephen, Aoki, Shigeru, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Bindoff, Nathaniel L., Iijima, Yuji, Marsland, Simon J., Klocker, AndreasContributors: “...Institute for Low Temperature Science...”
Published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (2010)
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147by Li, Hao, Andujar, Joan, Slodczyk, Aneta, de Sousa Meneses, Domingos, Scaillet, Bruno, Echegut, Patrick, Biren, Jonas, Oppenheimer, CliveContributors: “...Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI)...”
Published in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (2022)
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148by Lieser, J. L., Curran, M. A. J., Bowie, A. R., Davidson, A. T., Doust, S. J., Fraser, A. D., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Massom, R. A., Meiners, K. M., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Reid, P. A., Strutton, P. G., Vance, T. R., Vancoppenolle, M., Westwood, K. J., Wright, S. W.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2015
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149by Williams, Guy Darvall, Nicol, Stephen, Aoki, Shigeru, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Bindoff, Nathaniel L., Iijima, Yuji, Marsland, Simon J., Klocker, AndreasContributors: “...Institute for Low Temperature Science...”
Published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (2010)
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150by Lieser, J. L., Curran, M. A. J., Bowie, A. R., Davidson, A. T., Doust, S. J., Fraser, A. D., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Massom, R. A., Meiners, K. M., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Reid, P. A., Strutton, P. G., Vance, T. R., Vancoppenolle, M., Westwood, K. J., Wright, S. W.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2015
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151by Gillet-Chaulet, Fabien, Gagliardini, Olivier, Nodet, Maëlle, Ritz, Catherine, Durand, Gaël, Zwinger, Thomas, Seddik, Hakime, Greve, RalphContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2011
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152by Gillet-Chaulet, Fabien, Gagliardini, Olivier, Nodet, Maëlle, Ritz, Catherine, Durand, Gaël, Zwinger, Thomas, Seddik, Hakime, Greve, RalphContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2010
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153by Williams, Guy Darvall, Nicol, Stephen, Aoki, Shigeru, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Bindoff, Nathaniel L., Iijima, Yuji, Marsland, Simon J., Klocker, AndreasContributors: “...Institute for Low Temperature Science...”
Published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (2010)
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154by Lieser, J. L., Curran, M. A. J., Bowie, A. R., Davidson, A. T., Doust, S. J., Fraser, A. D., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Massom, R. A., Meiners, K. M., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Reid, P. A., Strutton, P. G., Vance, T. R., Vancoppenolle, M., Westwood, K. J., Wright, S. W.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2015
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155by Gillet-Chaulet, Fabien, Gagliardini, Olivier, Ritz, Catherine, Durand, Gaël, Nodet, Maëlle, Zwinger, Thomas, Greve, Ralph, Seddik, Hakime, Vaughan, David G.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2011
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156by Gillet-Chaulet, Fabien, Gagliardini, Olivier, Ritz, Catherine, Durand, Gaël, Nodet, Maëlle, Zwinger, Thomas, Greve, Ralph, Seddik, Hakime, Vaughan, David G.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published 2011
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157by Baccolo, Giovanni, Delmonte, Barbara, Di Stefano, Elena, Cibin, Giannantonio, Crotti, Ilaria, Frezzotti, Massimo, Hampai, Dariush, Iizuka, Yoshinori, Marcelli, Augusto, Maggi, ValterContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2021)
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158by Li, Hao, Andujar, Joan, Slodczyk, Aneta, De Sousa Meneses, Domingos, Scaillet, Bruno, Echegut, Patrick, Biren, Jonas, Oppenheimer, CliveContributors: “...Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI)...”
Published in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (2021)
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159by Li, Hao, Andujar, Joan, Slodczyk, Aneta, de Sousa Meneses, Domingos, Scaillet, Bruno, Echegut, Patrick, Biren, Jonas, Oppenheimer, CliveContributors: “...Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI)...”
Published in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (2022)
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160by Li, Hao, Andujar, Joan, Slodczyk, Aneta, de Sousa Meneses, Domingos, Scaillet, Bruno, Echegut, Patrick, Biren, Jonas, Oppenheimer, CliveContributors: “...Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI)...”
Published in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (2022)
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